Bilingual Education

In this peer reviewed journal article â€Å"A Speech Community Model of Bilingual Education: Educating Latino Newcomers in the USA† written by Ofelia Garcia and Lesley Bartlett the authors find a way to address the current problem of bilingual education in the US. They do so by conducting a qualitative case study at a segregated bilingual high school for Latino newcomers. They base their study off of a community high school in New York by the name of Gregorio Luperon High School. This specific school has a majority of Dominican students in a city with one of the highest drug and crime rates, however they were able to find success with their Speech Community Model of bilingual education for immigrant youth. The main key to this success was to â€Å"view second language acquisition as a social process building on the speech community itself, and not just as the primary individual process. † (Par. 1) Gregorio Luperon High School is a community high school located in Washington Heights, New York. The school opened back in 1991 when a group of Dominican immigrants joined together to find a way to make acquiring English an easier process for latino immigrant youth. They wanted a solution to the extremely high failure rates of latino youth in the New York City School systems. This school began as just a couple month program before students were put into main stream schools but eventually in 1999 turned into an actually high school. This school comes from a neighborhood that has a majority of Dominicans, as well as one of the highest city crime rates, right behind Harlem. This Schools instructors are also all highly qualified immigrant Dominicans who can relate and connect to their students on a whole different level. Bilingual Education is a topic that has never fully been supported across the US. According to the most recent numbers available from the U. S. Department of Education There were about 5 million students classified as â€Å"English language learners† in the 2009-2010 school year. These English learners are at a distinct disadvantage and are thrown into main stream schools without qualified 2 teachers to instruct them. There is very little consistency in these programs used to educate these students as well as many disagreements with states who favor the â€Å"English-only approach. † Gregorio Luperon High School in Washington Heights wanted better for their immigrant youth and found a better alternative method to acquire the language. This specific High School used a method which they chose to call the speech community model of bilingual education. They focus on macroacquisition; which is learning language on a larger scale. The three factors they choose to focus on that have shown to be the most important in acquiring a second language were; identifying with identity and culture, power structure influencing language and the roles the communities play in learning a language. In this study they conducted they focused on specific research questions The Research conducted by Garcia and Bartlett was taken from a qualitative case study where they introduced an alternative method to meet the needs of latino immigrant youth. In this research these specific questions were addressed; â€Å"How does the model of this school differ from and how is it similar to other models now offered for latino adolescents in the US? †,† What are the characteristics of this model that support newcomer latino youths education as well as their English learning language? † And â€Å"What are the limitations of this model This article written by Garcia and Bartlett point out the important aspects of this alternative model for bilingual education used and show how and why these unique methods are successful for these latino newcomers. In this speech community model used by the school they focused on seven main factors. They believed that these factors would be successful and would be able to make youth more comfortable speaking freely, help them identify and feel more comfortable with their identity as well as equalizing the power relations between English and Spanish. They believe these seven factors are responsible for their students passing the Regents Exam and graduating High School. These successful factors used are ; the absence of students who are native speakers of English, presence of native Spanish-speaking 3 latino teachers as the students models. Also the high status this school gives spanish and specific English language acquisition targets. They use bilingualism as their teaching strategy and use Spanish to educate rigorously and Spanish to connect deeply to each individual student. They conducted this study by observing and gathering data and used an analytic inductive approach. They wrote fieldnotes after each observation and interview and began to find connections to their hypothesis. The authors met together every three weeks to review the data collected and to discuss. From there they were able to form the seven characteristics mentioned earlier that they believed would make Luperon school successful in their mission of helping latino immigrants pass the Regents exam and graduate high school. Garcia and Bartlett did a very thorough job in providing enough information in their article for future professors, bilingual educators and linguists to comprehend. This article not only found a successful alternative method to acquiring english for latino newcomers but it also provided a in depth background of bilingual education being a issue as a whole. Bilingual Education is a hot topic today and many immigrants are being thrown into mainstream schools expecting to pick up English without the proper tools and guidance. Luperon however wanted better for their students. Luperon residing in an Latino community with many latino immigrants formed a program that allowed their students to not only feel comfortable with their culture and in their school settings but receive the skills to pass the Regents Exam and graduate high school. Regardless of the undeniable success that Luperon received in this program, I do believe their were limitations to this study conducted by Garcia and Bartlett. The first limitation of this study being the segregation of these students. Placing these students into this segregated high school may allow them to acquire what they need to graduate high school but what about after that? Passing the Regents Exam and graduating high school is just one small stepping stone they have reached compared to the 4 long journey they have ahead of them. Also by segregating these students the English they acquire is still limited and from what they gain being in this program they lose by not being around english native speakers. Is this english they acquired from this model enough to get them a job? Do any of these students continue their education and go to College? If they do get a job and continue their education is their English strong enough that they will succeed not only academically but in Society and in their Community? These are all questions I would have liked to see answered in this article written by Garcia and Bartlett. Some sort of paragraph where they addressed the â€Å"Aftermath† of this study. They did a great job focusing on the model and why and how it was successful and even what the success rates were but I wish they could have followed up a year or so later on students and found where they were at in life. Doing this I believe would have given the study more credibility, allowing me and other readers to see that this program did not just help the students over this school year but continued to carry on and help them succeed academically and in Society as well. Garcia and Bartlett provide the readers with a successful and alternative method into bilingual education. There is such little consistency in all the bilingual education programs provided all over the US, knowledge of a successful program like this can potentially be a huge step in a positive direction for this controversial topic. Just Simply incorporating some of the ideas that the authors suggested and used in their article can be beneficial for future teachers, linguists and policy makers. They believed that the main key to the success of this model was to view second language acquisition as more of a social process building on the speech community itself , and not just the primary individual process. They did this by choosing to focus on three important factors that seem to be ignored in all other bilingual programs around the US; identifying with identity and culture, power structure influencing language and the roles the communities play in learning a language. â€Å"This speech community model of the school provides the oxygen in the safe island these students need to learn and succeed socially and 5 academically. † This is a program that hopefully can be adapted by schools all around the US, to give the immigrants a chance to succeed not only academically but socially as well.

Investment in Staff Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investment in Staff Development - Essay Example It could consist of classroom training, on-the-job training, or lectures. Since every individual learns differently, different methods of training can also be combined together. Training is imperative for technological advances and for every employee to be on the same page when new programs or updates are added. Statement of the Purpose The purpose for this work plan is to determine the positive effects to investing in staff development, and the different approaches that meet the needs of many companies. Research will include the importance of the Human Resource Department, different programs and processes used by many organizations, and finally the expectations. Research Strategy and Methods of Data Collection Sources for this work plan will include sources from the Walsh Database. I will look for articles relating to the importance of the HR department, the different programs used by companies, and articles involving the advantages and disadvantages of investing in staff developmen t Tentative Outline The tentative outline for this work plan is as follows: I. Introduction A. Purpose B. Scope C. Sources II. Human Resource Department A. Goals B. Costs C. Time III. Methods A. Classroom B. On-the-job C. Lectures IV. Expectations A. Advantages B. Disadvantages V. Conclusion VI. Recommendations Timeline and Breakdown of Tasks to Be Completed TASK ASSIGNMENTS AND SCHEDULE Each phase of this report will be completed by the following dates: Conduct Research 8/14/2012 Interpret Information 8/15/2012 Write First Draft 8/17/2012 Practice 8/20/2012 Revise 8/24/2012 Submit paper 8/27/2012 Presentation 9/10/2012 Sincerely, Jwana Matloob Contents Contents 4 Introduction 5 On-the-Job Training 6 Off-the-Job Training 7 Advantages 7 References 11 Introduction The success of firm not only depends on the available resources, but rather depends greatly on the competencies as well as quality of its human resources (Browell, 2000). The level of development of the human resource determ ines the production process efficiency and the effectiveness of the different management areas. Consequently, the human resource function of an organization refers to the employees’ skills, knowledge, aptitude, creative abilities, talents and the values/beliefs. This research report demonstrates the importance of investing in staff development. It will also determine the positive effect in employee development and the difference approaches that companies can use in order to instill new and up-to-date skills within its work force (Keck & Alper, 2006). Such methods include education and training which are very essential in staff development. Human Resource Development (HRD) HRD is the process by which individuals in an organization grow professionally through the attainment of new knowledge and skills as they also increase their competence levels (Black & Armstrong, 2005). HR department is useful in any type of organization whether it be retail, medical, educational, or any typ e of business. This department handles all the hiring, firing, training development, employee retention and everything that deals with employees. Human Resource employees recruit the right people for the organization and for certain positions. It helps an organization communicate with its employees with any problems between co-workers,

Compare and Contrast the Operating and Financial Review in UK and Dissertation

Compare and Contrast the Operating and Financial Review in UK and Delaware US - Dissertation Example As the discussion declares the United Kingdom's version of the operating and financial review3 was made into a statute by a working steering committee and the Accounting Standards Board of the United Kingdom. The immediate and strict implementation of this United Kingdom operating and financial review was ordered by the head of the Department of Trade and Industry. According to the research findings more than sixty five percent of the respondent managers of the two hundred companies that traded stocks in the United Kingdom stock exchanges agreed that there should be an operating and financial review report. Their main reasons is that the stockholders will really need the operating and financial review report to determine if they will have to invest more money in the corporation or to withdraw their hard earned cash and invest in another more lucrative business. After approval by the United Kingdom Accounting Standards Board of the operating and financial review in 2004, businesses in the United Kingdom discontinued the use of the 1993 Delaware (USA) version operating and financial review. One major reason Accounting was born was because there had to be created a common language of business. Accounting is defined as the language of business. Accountants from the many countries like the United States, United Kingdom, and Asian countries get toget her to form an international accounting board. This international accounting board gives out pronouncement or rules that its member countries are required to follow. The main purposes for the establishment of such accounting pronouncements are consistency and comparability. Consistency and comparability covers financial statements between two years or between two companies having the same business types. When an American sees a balance sheet of the United Kingdom company, he could easily understands what the board of directors are trying to say because there is a standard and the accounting language used are universally understood. All companies are enjoined to follow the 1993 Delaware version of the operating and financial review when it was issued by the Accounting Standard Board. This includes all companies in Europe (including the United Kingdom ) and Asia. But since the Accounting Standards Board makes the implementation of its 1993 Delaware version voluntary, therefore companies may or may not follow such pronouncements or guidelines. Therefore,

Closing the Gap between Disabled and Nondisabled Essay -- Essays Paper

Closing the Gap between Disabled and Nondisabled The democratic ideals that the United States were built upon are freedom and equality; it is in the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, and used as a defense when a person can think of nothing snappy to say (i.e. "It's a free country!"). However, while American culture is based on the notion that you have the power and ability to become anyone or achieve anything, it is painfully obvious to people with disabilities that government and the mainstream public has forgotten about their needs. While most nondisabled people do not need to depend on family or government for financial or medical assistance, people with disabilities are often denied jobs and opportunities, forcing them to become dependent on a family member or government assistance. It may be an unconscious factor for those who do not have a disability, to forget that others may need a special menu, table, or space. Simple things like a special bathroom stall or books on tape are on par with a more inclusive American culture, one that can help people with disabilities become more independent and free. Most of the problems people with disabilities face today stems from language and how they are considered to be separate from those who are able. Not only does this create the basis for oppression and discrimination for those who used to be considered ‘cripples,’ or ‘retards,’ but it also creates can create a confusion over a person’s identity as a person with disabilities. While legislation, corporate policies, and public places may be slowly changing to become more inclusive to those with disabilities, there are still certain aspects of the mainstream US culture that can mean nothing to a member of the... ...who are able. As the language evolves and the activism becomes more developed and evident in mainstream culture and media, then there will be more and more advances in the future. The days in which Siamese Twins, the Elephant Man, and other people with disabilities who would be considered ‘freaks,’ ‘retarded,’ or ‘crippled’ and be immediately institutionalized or ostracized from people have mostly disappeared, leaving other battles, like the fight for an accessible urban environment, to be fought and won in later years. Works Cited Fielder, Leslie A. The Tyranny of the Normal. Gleeson, Brendan. Can Technology Overcome The Disabling City? Linton, Simi. Claiming Disability: Knowledge and Identity. New York: New York University Press, 1997 Marks, Deborah. Disability: Controversial debates and psychosocial perspectives. London: Routledge, 1999 Closing the Gap between Disabled and Nondisabled Essay -- Essays Paper Closing the Gap between Disabled and Nondisabled The democratic ideals that the United States were built upon are freedom and equality; it is in the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, and used as a defense when a person can think of nothing snappy to say (i.e. "It's a free country!"). However, while American culture is based on the notion that you have the power and ability to become anyone or achieve anything, it is painfully obvious to people with disabilities that government and the mainstream public has forgotten about their needs. While most nondisabled people do not need to depend on family or government for financial or medical assistance, people with disabilities are often denied jobs and opportunities, forcing them to become dependent on a family member or government assistance. It may be an unconscious factor for those who do not have a disability, to forget that others may need a special menu, table, or space. Simple things like a special bathroom stall or books on tape are on par with a more inclusive American culture, one that can help people with disabilities become more independent and free. Most of the problems people with disabilities face today stems from language and how they are considered to be separate from those who are able. Not only does this create the basis for oppression and discrimination for those who used to be considered ‘cripples,’ or ‘retards,’ but it also creates can create a confusion over a person’s identity as a person with disabilities. While legislation, corporate policies, and public places may be slowly changing to become more inclusive to those with disabilities, there are still certain aspects of the mainstream US culture that can mean nothing to a member of the... ...who are able. As the language evolves and the activism becomes more developed and evident in mainstream culture and media, then there will be more and more advances in the future. The days in which Siamese Twins, the Elephant Man, and other people with disabilities who would be considered ‘freaks,’ ‘retarded,’ or ‘crippled’ and be immediately institutionalized or ostracized from people have mostly disappeared, leaving other battles, like the fight for an accessible urban environment, to be fought and won in later years. Works Cited Fielder, Leslie A. The Tyranny of the Normal. Gleeson, Brendan. Can Technology Overcome The Disabling City? Linton, Simi. Claiming Disability: Knowledge and Identity. New York: New York University Press, 1997 Marks, Deborah. Disability: Controversial debates and psychosocial perspectives. London: Routledge, 1999

Trace the treatment of the Jews by the Nazis between 1933-45

During the hegemony that engulfed Europe between 1939 and 1945, millions of civilians were murdered, outside of the usual battles of war. The hegemony was unprecedented in the annals of history in that the murder of these civilians had its roots not in the causes of the war, but simply in the prejudice that lay at the heart of the political system that had spawned the war, namely the Nazi ideology formed in the insane minds of Adolf Hitler and his henchmen. To that ideology, the creation of a master race of Aryans with all other â€Å"lower† races becoming servile to that master race was logical and a side product of that ambition was the ethnic cleansing of Europe. The initial plan was to move eastwards all such lower races. In due course however, as the ambitions of the Nazis were initially fulfilled, the problem increased. The pathetic irony for Hitler and his cronies was that the very success of their armies brought under their control even more of the undesirables whom they wished to expel from Germany, so that ultimately far from making the Jewish problem disappear, they brought under their control a further 5,000,000 Jews even before the proposed invasions of Russia and Great Britain, the entire gypsy community of Europe and millions of Slavs in the eastern countries of Europe. The problem was to be solved by the â€Å"Final Solution†. Initially the attentions of the Nazis in the immediate years after their ascendancy to power was directed at a widespread cleansing of Germany. This included primarily Jews and communists, Romany (gypsy) people, homosexuals, those who were mentally and / or physically handicapped and those deemed to be â€Å"politically undesirable†. The initial beatings and tirades against these sections of German society however in due course gave way to a more systematic and co-ordinated campaign designed to enable the authorities to rid society of these â€Å"undesirable† elements. Propaganda under the control of Josef Goebbels was employed to ostracize these elements within German society and make their removal both logical and welcome to the average German citizen. Hitler's satanic vision of â€Å"ethnic purity† was based on the idea of levels of genetic value in people. To fulfil Hitler's dream, the Nazi's established comprehensive systems to segregate and later to execute millions of people designated to be less pure. After the succession to power by Adolf Hitler in 1933, an internal security apparatus in the form of a secret police force was designed and continually refined to result in an iron control of the lives of the citizens within Germany. Perfected, this orderly, internal reign of terror spread, as Hitler's forces extended across national borders and with the relatively easy absorption of what had been part of Czechoslovakia, the annexation of Bohemia and Moravia by Germany in 1938. Slovakia, another region of Czechoslovakia, became a state tightly controlled by the Nazis through the Munich Pact signed with the British Government, which naively believed that this concession would mark the end of Hitler's ambitions. On the evening of November 7, 1938, the Nazi regime co-ordinated attacks against the Jewish communities of Germany. Nearly 180 synagogues were burned and destroyed. Hundreds of Jewish men were rounded up and imprisoned on false charges. Jewish-owned businesses throughout Germany were destroyed, damaged and looted. Thousands of windows in synagogues, Jewish businesses and homes were broken giving this night its name – â€Å"Kristallnacht† or the Night of the Broken Glass. This horrific assault was reported in headlines in newspapers around the world. It was taken correctly by some as a signal of what was yet to come and many Jews, taking the warning seriously, emigrated while they still could. However only the United States of America and to a lesser degree Great Britain were prepared to admit Jews seeking sanctuary. Certain countries, notably Switzerland and France were not keen to allow the refugees to stay within their borders. The fact that no country wished to admit the Jews, seemed to validate Hitler's actions in treating them increasingly more harshly. Visas were hard to come by, but bribery and connections still worked in limited ways. Tragically, most Jews remained, believing Germany was democratic, a country for whom many had served with honour and distinction in World War I. They refused to believe that it would turn against them and harm them. They were fatally mistaken and a massive percentage of the entire German Jewish community suffered horribly, dying in the extermination camps before the end of World War II. By September 1, 1939, contrary to the protestations, the completely restored military force of Nazi Germany smashed across the Polish border, overrunning the weak Polish army and cavalry, still equipped for World War I. By the end of the month all of Poland had fallen. Now 3,000,000 Jews came under the control of the swastika, 20 per cent the Polish population in 1939. Almost immediately, these Jews were placed into ghettos in Warsaw, Kracow, and other large Polish cities and towns, with little sanitation and access to medical facilities. Stopped from trading and effectively cut off from the rest of the world, these communities were effectively isolated, being prepared and â€Å"softened up† for further more drastic treatment. Concentration and labour camps were initially established for punishment for those who offended Hitler or did not fit his ideal Nazi regime. As early as 1933 in Germany, Sachsenhausen and Dachau were places of dread but families were still able to â€Å"bribe† their loved ones out of the camps. Following the invasion of Poland the Nazis were faced with resolving the â€Å"Jewish Problem†. The solution was entrusted by Hitler to Heydrich and Eichmann, both virulent anti-semites, the former a soldier, the latter an administrator. The concentration camps, now full following larger and larger transports of Jews and large numbers of Russian prisoners of war, Polish resistance fighters and others, had to be emptied. Natural wastage by death from disease, malnutrition and beatings would not result in a fast enough solution. Mass murder by bullets or lethal injection was expensive and wasteful in terms of resources, and had a morale depressing effect on the soldiers employed. To accommodate Hitler's demonic vision, On January 20, 1942, a conference was convened under expressed orders from Nazi leadership under the chairmanship of the brilliantly evil Rheinhardt Heydrich. With tea and crumpets, in fewer than two hours of deliberation at the former Jewish-owned Wansee chateau in the outskirts of Berlin, the Nazi officers, including Aldolph Eichmann, created the policy to assure the systematic destruction of Europe's Jewish population. A Final Solution had been formed which was unchangeable. The solution chosen was the creation of mass Extermination Camps, mainly in Poland to which would be transported all the Jews of Europe. Killing began in earnest on or near the homes of the populations, which the Nazis had targeted. Within a short time, the small camp of Auschwitz was enlarged into Auschwitz-Birkenau) a massive death camp in which Jews were gassed and their bodies cremated in a nearby area known for its birch trees, (Birkenau in German). Thus, the infamous death factory at Birkenau was created with the huge crematoria nestled among the groves of once beautiful and peaceful birch trees. Five other sites were chosen for additional death camps. Auschwitz-Birkenau, as the huge complex was to become known, was by far the largest in which well over one million and a half people, nearly 90 percent of whom were Jewish, were put to death and cremated. Notwithstanding the need to continue the huge war effort against the Allied Forces, which included the massively powerful American war machine the Nazis vigorously pursued their plan to destroy every Jew within Europe. As a result, one third of the entire world Jewish population was killed during the Holocaust. The few gates of escape to Allied countries, were systematically closed: the United States, Canada, Australia, Britain, parts of Latin America and elsewhere. The lucky few who could find a way out often survived without the rest of their family. By 1944, the height of the extermination of the Jews, there were over 650 death, labour, concentration, camps and ghettos. Of the millions of Jewish people so imprisoned a very small percentage survived to give testimony to the unimaginable crimes which had been committed. Those who did so survive, faced the prospect of reconstructing their lives, more often than not with no money, family, possessions or state. Hitler had identified the â€Å"problem† in Mein Kampf, had thought that he had solved the problem by expelling the Jews of Germany, but ultimately had found that his success in battle multiplied his problem, from which there was to be only one route for the Nazis to take – the eradication of European Jewry by extermination.

Renewable Energy Resources In Thaille Essay - 1552 Words

Brunei is targeting to utilize 0.6% of renewable energy consumption into the country’s final energy consumption by 2035. Yet, oil will still account for the largest share (46%), followed by gas (35%) and electricity (19%). Natural gas and oil will remain the dominant supply fuels for primary energy with small contributions from new renewable energy which is solar and biomass. Currently, the economy already has a 1.2 MW solar power plant and will continue to develop more solar capacity during the outlook period. Another form of new renewable energy (NRE) capacity that will likely be introduced is biomass generation, using landfill gas as fuel. By 2035, NRE’s contribution to total power generation will increase to 5%, compared to zero in†¦show more content†¦In 2014 the installed capacity of solar power plants in Thailand was close 1.3 GWp Wind Only small wind turbines had been developed from 2007-2011. However large wind farms were implemented in 2012 and 2013, bringing the total installed capacity of 224.5 MW. WTE The use of municipal solid waste to generate electricity in Thailand began in 2008. Due to difficulties in project development the growth in this sector remained limited. In 2014 there were less than 66MW of MSW power plant in Thailand. Furthermore, electricity prices in Cambodia are very high, thereby opening opportunities for the development of solar, wind, bio-fuel and biogas options. As can be seen in Table 3, it shows the renewable energy situation in Cambodia. Renewable energy technologies (RETs) will be the most appropriate way in meeting the energy demand in rural and remote areas of developing countries, especially in off-grid areas. About 85% of the total population lives in the rural areas, the government of Cambodia is placing great emphasis on the rural electrification, on-grid where possible, and off-grid by renewable energy, to raise the living standards of the rural population. Then, Table 3 shows the scenario of renewable energy resources in Cambodia [17]. Table 3 The Scenario of Renewable Energy Resources in Cambodia Energy Resources Description Biomass Cambodia’s biomass energy potential is diverse, with large concentrations of

Etiology and Treatment of Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Free Essay Example, 3500 words

According to Anderson et al. (2007), Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction constitutes a clinical syndrome subset of Acute Coronary Syndrome that is usually caused by Cardiovascular Atherosclerotic Disease and is associated with increased risk of cardiac death and subsequent myocardial infarction. It is defined by the electrocardiographic ST-segment depression or prominent T wave inversion and positive biomarkers of necrosis in the absence of ST-segment elevation and in an appropriate clinical setting such as chest discomfort (Anderson et al. 2007; Kalra et al. 2008). Acute coronary syndrome starts when platelet aggregates clump together and form thrombi from a ruptured arteriosclerotic plaque. Once the clot occludes the vessels for more than 20 minutes, the myocardial tissue becomes necrotic due to the occlusion (Smeltzer et al. 2009; White et al. 2012). Due to this, the heart will not be able to pump enough blood to vital organs and tissues leading to shock and eventually deat h. Chest pain in NSTEMI lasts longer and is more severe than the pain of unstable angina and can last for 15 minutes if not treated with rest or nitro-glycerine. The pain may or may not radiate to the arm, neck, back or epigastric area and may also experience dyspnoea, diaphoresis, nausea, and dizziness (Jevon et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Etiology and Treatment of Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page