Etiology and Treatment of Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Free Essay Example, 3500 words

According to Anderson et al. (2007), Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction constitutes a clinical syndrome subset of Acute Coronary Syndrome that is usually caused by Cardiovascular Atherosclerotic Disease and is associated with increased risk of cardiac death and subsequent myocardial infarction. It is defined by the electrocardiographic ST-segment depression or prominent T wave inversion and positive biomarkers of necrosis in the absence of ST-segment elevation and in an appropriate clinical setting such as chest discomfort (Anderson et al. 2007; Kalra et al. 2008). Acute coronary syndrome starts when platelet aggregates clump together and form thrombi from a ruptured arteriosclerotic plaque. Once the clot occludes the vessels for more than 20 minutes, the myocardial tissue becomes necrotic due to the occlusion (Smeltzer et al. 2009; White et al. 2012). Due to this, the heart will not be able to pump enough blood to vital organs and tissues leading to shock and eventually deat h. Chest pain in NSTEMI lasts longer and is more severe than the pain of unstable angina and can last for 15 minutes if not treated with rest or nitro-glycerine. The pain may or may not radiate to the arm, neck, back or epigastric area and may also experience dyspnoea, diaphoresis, nausea, and dizziness (Jevon et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Etiology and Treatment of Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Essay on Another Heart of Darkness - 1021 Words

Ignorance and Racism Joseph Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice in his book Heart of Darkness. His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack. Chinua Achebe concluded, quot;Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly one of the great stylists of modern fiction and a good story-teller into the bargainquot; (Achebe 252). Yet, despite Conrads great story telling, he has also been viewed as a racist by some of his critics. Achebe, Singh, and Sarvan, although their criticisim differ, are a few to name. Normal readers usually are good at detecting racism in a book. Achebe acknowledges Conrad camouflaged racism†¦show more content†¦Marlow felt pity toward the natives, yet when he met the stations book keeper he changed his views of the natives. quot;Moreover I respected the fellow. Yes. I respected his collars, his vast cuffs, his brushed hair. His appearance was certainly great demoralization of the land he kept up his appearancequot; (Conrad 21). Marlow praised the book keeper as if he felt its the natives fault for living in such waste. the bureaucracy only cared about how he looked and felt. The bookeeper did not care for the natives who were suffering less than fifty feet from him. He stated the natives werent criminals but were being treated as if they were, but at the same time he respected the book keeper on his looks instead of despising him for his indifference. Conrad considered the Africans inferior and doomed people. Frances B. Singh, author of The Colonialistic Bias of Heart of Darkness said quot;The African natives, victims of Belgian exploitation, are described as shapes, shadows, and bundles of acute angles, so as to show the dehumanizing effect of colonialist rule on the ruledquot; (269-270). Another similar incident of quot;double speakquot; appeared on the death of Marlows helmsman. Marlow respected the helmsman, yet when the natives blood poured into Marlows shoes, quot;To tell you the truth, I was morbidity anxious to change my shoes and socksquot; (Conrad 47). How can someone respect yet feel disgusted towardsShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Of Imperialism In Heart Of Darkness And Apocalypse Now830 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarity present in all 3 stories. In the Heart of Darkness European Imperialism and its’ cruelty is displayed, while in Apocalypse Now we see American Imperialism fighting the Vietnam War. Hearts of darkness also has some imperialism, but it is hidden in metaphors, showing ‘’imperialism’’ of human soul. Next, main protagonist is sent to explore ‘’the darkness’’, in Heart of Darkness it is Marlow, in Apocalypse now it is Willard and in the Hearts of Darkness it is director and Frencis Coppela’s wifeRead More The Role of Kurtz’s Intended in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Kurtz’s Intended in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Very often in literature minor characters appear for only a short time in the story but carry a very heavy significance in the overall meaning of the book. Kurtz’s Intended, in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, is this kind of character. The unnamed woman only appears for a brief period at the end of the novel, but Conrad includes her for three very crucial reasons. He has Kurtz’s fiancà ©e appear to provide a justification forRead MoreSimilarities Between Heart Of Darkness And Apocalypse Now922 Words   |  4 Pages The Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, illustrates one’s voyage on the Congo River, into the heart of darkness of Africa, told by the narrator Charles Marlow. Similar to the novel, Apocalypse Now focuses on a captain in the Vietnam War ordered to assassinate a colonel, named Kurtz. Each of these works convey an important time in American history, highlighting the era of imperialism and that of the Vietnam War. Overall, Apocalypse Now can be seen as a direct parallel to Heart of Darkness, shownRead MoreThe Journey In â€Å"Heart Of Darkness† Spans Not Only The Capricious1222 Words   |  5 PagesThe journey in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† spans not only the capricious waters extending our physical world, but also the perplexing ocean which exists in the heart of man. Through Marlow s somewhat overenthusiastic eyes, we perceive the mystery that is humanity, and the blurred line between darkness and light. It is an expedition into the deepest crevices of the human he art and mind bringing on an awareness, and finally descending into the abyss of hell abiding in each of us. Conrad’s use of wordplayRead MoreBehind the Name Heart of Darkness Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesreader only gradually. Using Heart of Darkness, show how the significance of its title is developed through the author’s use of devices such as contrast, repetition, allusion, and point of view. Behind The Name Heart of Darkness The heart of darkness in the title Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad is the heart of Africa, the heart of everything that is the rejection of established social principles and beliefs, corrupt, and barbaric, and perhaps the heart of man. Conrad, ending the bookRead MoreEssay on Heart of Darkness1208 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Conrads The Heart of Darkness is a dark and haunting tale about the search for a substantial and mysteriously powerful man named Mr. Kurtz. Heart of Darkness centers around Marlow, a sailor and also narrator of the novella. Throughout the work, Conrad uses an array of literary devices to suggest his style of writing. The title of the work itself, The Heart of Darkness, is an example of the use of metaphor. Darkness is a significant part of the books title conceptually. However, it isRead MoreThe Ideas of Reality and Perception in Heart of Darkness1350 Words   |  6 Pageswe have been reading. The Heart of Darkness explores reality and perspective in several interesting ways; these include amongst others the interplay of reality and objectivity, the use of otherness to define one’s own identity and the construction of that otherness in direct association with one’s perceptions of oneself. This essay seeks to trace the interconnectedness of the ideas of reality and perspective in Heart of Darkness with a view to both the process and results ofRead More Light and Dark of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness1542 Words   |  7 PagesThe Light and Dark of Colonialism Exposed in Heart of Darkness       In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad, challenges a dominant view by exposing the evil nature and the darkness associated with the colonialist ventures. It is expressed by Marlow as robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at it blind - as it is very proper for those who tackle a darkness. The European colonialists are portrayed as blind lightbearers, people having a faà §ade of progress and cultureRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Heart Of Darkness And Apocalypse Now1023 Words   |  5 PagesThe film Apocalypse Now and the novel Heart of Darkness share many similarities including small details, characters, and themes. Both are told from the same type of narrative and have similar settings. There are small differences as well, including the main character’s purpose and how one of the characters dies. The novel is the story of a trip into Africa, which a character is overhearing the retelling of the journey. This is similar to the movie, in which the viewer hears the main character tellRead MoreEssay Symbolism In Heart Of Darkness1077 Words   |  5 PagesConrad’s Heart of Darkness lies a tale saturated with subtle, yet, significant imagery that brings forth the true meaning of the novella. Throughout Heart of Darkness Conrad uses a plethora of simple colors, objects, and places to convey multifaceted images and ideas. His fine execution of the tools of the English language allows him to quickly lure the reader aboard the Nellie and not release him until the horror is over. Although the interpretation of symbols in the Heart of Darkness is elaborate

Case Study Reflections Analysis Education Essay Free Essays

This paper will research information presented from EDSL 673 and EDSL 671 from the Teaching English as a Second Language ( TESL ) plan. The information presented will research the five top thoughts that have generated to most fascinate over the continuance of these last two classs. Information will be discussed as to the importance of these thoughts and the deductions they will hold on future instruction. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Reflections Analysis Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will besides research ways that these thoughts can be implemented in current instruction under the preexistent conditions of the teaching assignment. Explanations will besides be presented to show what could potentially be the immediate consequences every bit good as the long-run consequences expected for holding implemented these thoughts within the current instruction assignment. These thoughts are relevant to instructors that will profit from information refering to direction of English Language Learners ( ELL ) or English as a Second Language ( ESL ) pupils. Contemplations There are so many different facets of instruction that are necessary in order for pedagogues to be effectual and to guarantee that all pupils are larning to their fullest potency. This is no exclusion for instructors of ELL or ESL pupils. However, due to the nature of kids and the manner each kid learns, instructors need to cognize the best patterns for direction based on the demands of their pupils. There are several different techniques and methods that may be utilized with ELL and ESL pupils in order for these kids to be successful in their acquisition ; and hence to go successful when working with their equals within the schoolroom. Based purely on the information being presented from the last two classs, there were several different constructs and thoughts that were being introduced. Although many of these impressions are familiar to experient instructors, there are several thoughts that may standout to persons as they may hold higher deductions to their instruction than others. There are five thoughts from these two classs that present the highest deductions, and they are the constructs of Natural Order Hypothesis, Affective Filter Hypothesis, Culturally Responsive Teaching, Schema, and Accessing Prior Knowledge. The construct of Natural Order Hypothesis presents pedagogues with the order that persons get linguistic communication accomplishments. There are predictable phases for primary linguistic communication acquisitions along with predictable phases for the acquisition of secondary linguistic communications. Primary linguistic communication is acquired following these phases: babble ( 6 – 8 months ) , holophrastic ( 1 twelvemonth ) , two-word phrases ( 1 – 2 old ages ) , and multi-word ( 2 – 5 old ages ) . A individual ‘s 2nd linguistic communication is acquired following these phases: soundless receptive or preproduction ( 6 – 8 months ) , early production ( 6 months ) , speech outgrowth phase ( 1 twelvemonth ) , and intermediate linguistic communication proficiency ( 1 twelvemonth ) . Having an apprehension of the Natural Order Hypothesis allows pedagogues to develop an apprehension of where their Ell or ESL pupils may be in respects to their linguistic communication acquisition. Therefore, by understanding this thought, the instructor may develop lessons that are better suited for the pupil. This will besides help the instructor in the creative activity of activities that are completed in the schoolroom so all pupils are able to take part. Teachers that are able to link this construct to their English linguistic communication scholars are besides able to help these pupils when working in little differentiated instructional groups, and hence doing the acquisition much more meaningful for these pupils. Developing an apprehension of Affective Filter Hypothesis will assist pedagogues present themselves along with their schoolroom construction and lesson thoughts in a mode that will set their English linguistic communication scholars at easiness with the information they are showing. This will help these pupils from making a filter that could hinder larning. Students that are in structured environments with instructors that genuinely care about their acquisition keep a low degree of emphasis, and pupils are more likely to be motivated and confident, and hence a batch of linguistic communication acquisition can take topographic point. Teachers that have been able to make an environment that focuses around the Affective Filter Hypothesis are able to help their pupils in higher degrees of linguistic communication acquisition. Students that are so able to bring forth a larger degree of linguistic communication acquisition are so able to stand out at greater rates within the schoolroom. The deductions of Affective Filter Hypothesis in instruction is high in order to guarantee pupils are larning. Helping pupils maintain a low affectional filter is an of import measure in the confidence that pupils are traveling to get the linguistic communication skills they need in order to go successful in the schoolroom. Culturally Responsive Teaching is a teaching method that recognizes the importance of including pupils ‘ cultural mentions in all facets of larning. Culture is the deeper degree of basic premises and beliefs that are shared by members of an organisation, that operate unconsciously and specify in a basic ‘take for granted ‘ manner an organisations position of its ego and its environment. Culture contains both external and internal elements. External elements of civilization contain those such as ; nutrient, festivals, vacations, dances and vesture. Internal elements of civilization are those such as ; values, beliefs and forms of non-verbal communicating. By acknowledging the value of Culturally Responsive Teaching, pedagogues are able to demo pupils that they value their civilization and hence will observe their heritage in the schoolroom. This shows pupils that they are valued as persons and at the same clip could even bring forth a low Affective Filter. Culturally Responsive Teaching is of import in order to demo pupils that as the instructor, you value where they come from, and wish to observe that with the remainder of the category. All pupils should be able to portion with each other their civilization and heritage. This creates a schoolroom of culturally antiphonal pupils and helps the pupils understand that their backgrounds are of import. Teachers that partake in this pedagogical pattern create unfastened and receptive environments where pupils feel welcome when they enter the schoolroom. Last, scheme and accessing anterior cognition are of import factors that can act upon larning within the schoolroom. Schema is the organisational form or construction ; the conceptual model that pupils possess. Teachers that are able to entree a pupil ‘s scheme are more likely to be successful in assisting that pupil develop an apprehension of the constructs that are being taught. Teachers that are able to understand the deductions of scheme are so able to use this cognition into their schoolroom and their lessons. By showing to pupils how different accomplishments build upon one another will help these pupils in doing connexions between one construct and another. Accessing anterior cognition is manner for the pupils to take what they already know, and so use that cognition to the stuff they are presently larning. Teachers that focus on accessing their pupils ‘ anterior cognition are more likely to hold pupils that are able to retain information. Bing able to entree one ‘s anterior cognition is of import when working in the country of bring forthing illations. Bing able to do illations is an highly of import accomplishment when increasing reading comprehension. Bing able to use what one already knows to what the writer is connoting will assist the pupil in holding a greater apprehension of equivocal constructs. Both scheme and accessing anterior cognition are impressions that all instructors should implement in their schoolroom course of study. Constructing a pupil ‘s scheme while at the same clip holding the pupil entree their anterior cognition will further a greater apprehension of the thoughts that are being taught in the schoolroom. During the continuance of these two classs, I was able to develop a greater apprehension of these constructs and recognize how of import they are in being implemented in the schoolroom on a regular footing. Although these constructs are ideals that I presently posses, these classs have presented extra methods for execution in order to better pupil accomplishment. I will go on to implement these thoughts in my schoolroom environment with the end of continued pupil betterment. Currently, I do n’t hold pupils in my schoolroom that are coded as being English linguistic communication scholars, and hence do non use the tactics for teaching English linguistic communication scholars in the schoolroom. However, I have had English linguistic communication scholars in old categories, and hence reexamining this information will help me with the continued execution of these techniques. The major benefits of these constructs are that they work with all pupils, and non merely those pupils th at are considered to be English linguistic communication scholars. The immediate consequence of implementing these thoughts in the schoolroom would be the hope of increased accomplishment on the behalf of the pupils. The continued reappraisal of these constructs will bring forth a better apprehension of these thoughts, and hence a deeper apprehension of how they may be implemented into the schoolroom construction on a regular and ongoing footing, therefore holding a continued impact on pupil larning. Long-run effects of the execution of these thoughts will be the long-run apprehension of the different impressions covered within the schoolroom. By constructing on the pupils ‘ scheme, therefore increasing the pupils ‘ anterior cognition will take to them holding a greater keeping rate for their future class work. How to cite Case Study Reflections Analysis Education Essay, Free Case study samples

Health Is Wealth Sample Essay Example For Students

Health Is Wealth Sample Essay Protein is found in every individual cell in the organic structure. An of import edifice block for castanetss. musculuss. gristle. tegument and blood. high quality protein provides all of the indispensable amino acids needed by healthy grownups and turning kids. Peoples who don’t acquire plenty of this of import macronutrient will miss energy. and they will see their musculuss and immune systems weaken. To assist people run into their day-to-day protein demands. taking direct merchandising company Amway is presenting NUTRILITEâ„ ¢ All Plant Protein Powder which helps to lade up your day’s necessities by unlocking more goodness from nature. The alone tri-blend of soy. wheat and pea provides the right combination of proteins and aminic acids to maintain you experiencing healthy and energetic. without carnal merchandises or dairy side effects. â€Å"As one of the macronutrient foundations of a balanced diet. protein needs to be consumed each twenty-four hours to keep wellness. † says Gene Maly. Senior NUTRILITE Research Scientist. â€Å"Most people have trouble devouring the recommended sum of protein in their diet. which is why adding a high quality protein beginning. like NUTRILITE All Plant Protein Powder. helps people give their organic structures the fuel to power their cells. supply energy to their organic structures. and with the recommended sum of 25 gms of soy protein per twenty-four hours. besides helps to cut down cholesterin. † But most people associate protein with meat. domestic fowl. eggs and dairy. In today’s universe. that isn’t ever what people want to hear. Many people want to integrate as many plant-based options as they can into their diets. A simple observation Many of the indispensable amino acids found in NUTRILITE’s old version of Protein Powder came from dairy. b asically from cattles. In the history of NUTRILITE. detecting the diet of cattles signified an â€Å"ah-ha† minute for its laminitis. Carl Rehnborg. After a return from China in the early 19 100s he made a simple observation that the healthiest cows ate a diet of lucerne and H2O — they had shinier coats. they produced the most milk. and they gained the most weight. He realized that for cattles to boom. they needed the indispensable foods found in workss like lucerne. Today. NUTRILITE scientists have taken Carl Rehnborg’s observation one measure farther by traveling back to the natural beginning. making a plant-based protein pulverization that provides all of the indispensable amino acids people need in their diets to keep cellular wellness throughout their organic structure. This simple thought has resulted in NUTRILITE All Plant Protein Powder. Protein keeps us experiencing healthy by moving as a cell fix food. it provides energy by bring forthing haemoglobin – the ruddy blood cells that carry O throughout our organic structures. it builds thin musculus. and it supports the immune system by fabricating antibodies. the substances that fight off unwellness.

Justice WhiteS Interpretation Of Tennessee State Law Essays

Justice White'S Interpretation Of Tennessee State Law CONCURRING OPINION: We concur with Justice Whites interpretation of Tennessee State law. However, we propose that more restrictive standards should be used by policemen when dealing with imminently dangerous circumstances. The necessity standard that White proposes for governing the use of lethal force strikes the right balance in regulating violence. He insists that the police act reasonably by evaluating whether the felons interest in life outweighs the states interest in seizing the felon by lethal force. Because we honor the supreme value of human life, lethal force should only be used when there is a reasonable belief that the felon poses a significant threat to the policeman or society. More restrictive standards of policing will minimize discretion and prevent unnecessary violence. The decision to impose death on a criminal should be left to the discretion of the judges rather than the police. A slight error in the judgement of the policeman can impose a death penalty on someone who does not deserve it. Furthermore, policemen can be driven to use lethal force because of personal biases and reluctance or incapability to seize the felon through non-violent methods. Whites standard is less restrictive than the standard governing self-defense and the death penalty. The doctrine of self-defense requires the presence of the four conditions- imminence, necessity, proportionality and no intent to punish- whereas Whites standard only requires necessity for the use of lethal force. Whites standard should be less restrictive than the standard of self-defense because the police have legitimate authority to use violence to maintain order and safety in society. Law asks us to be better than we would otherwise be. Hence the victim of self-defense is required to follow a very high standard before using any sort of violence. The standard of self-defense would be too rigid for the police to follow as it hinders them from performing their primary duty of protecting society. The conditions for imposing the death penalty require guided jury discretion and the fulfillment beyond a reasonable doubt of at least one of the ten statutory aggravating factors. The rules of the jurisprudence of death are different from any other rules of jurisprudence. This is because death is different. Death takes away a persons right to have rights. Discretion is essential for the effective functioning of law in controlling private violence and judging individuals subjectively. If discretion is expunged from the judicial system, then law would become an automatic gun and fail to take into account the totality of circumstances. However, police discretion should be limited because policemen must make quick decisions while jury discretion is far more calculated and logical. Whites standard allows for too much police discretion. By only using necessity as the standard for the use of lethal force, White gives too much leeway to the police. Police are hyper-sensitive to signs of suspicion. They rely on stereotypes and seek human beings at their worst. To be a policeman is to face the reality of facing danger every day. Because of these reasons, we cannot allow the police to use discretion under such a broad standard of necessity. Just fulfilling the standard of necessity before using lethal force undermines the supreme value of human life. It is better that ten criminals walk free than one innocent person be killed. Whites approach to the legal regulation of police is similar to his own approach in Brady v. United States but contradicts his approach in Miranda v. Arizona. In Brady, White also looks at the totality of circumstances to determine the voluntariness of a defendants plea of guilty. In both Brady and Garner, White realizes that law requires the exercise of judgement so that it does not become mechanical and impersonal. Regarding Miranda, White rejects the regulation of police discretion in interrogations, as it will only cause a loss of human dignity by limiting all confessions and returning the criminal to the environment that produced him. Thus, White implies that police regulation will only lead society into the abyss of anarchy. This contrasts sharply with Whites desire in Garner to regulate police conduct as a means of protecting the dignity of an individuals life, even if that individual is a criminal. White would concur with both Justice Burger

The potential effects of the five different life factors on the development of the individual Essay Example

The potential effects of the five different life factors on the development of the individual Essay Example The potential effects of the five different life factors on the development of the individual Essay The potential effects of the five different life factors on the development of the individual Essay In this audio recording I will be explaining the potential effects of the five different life factors on the development of the individual. I will be using the case study of Jonathan to do this. Genetic factors Genetic factors are factors that would be inherited by the child from the mother and father. There are a lot of different illnesses/ diseases that can be inherited from the parents such as; cystic fibrosis, coeliac disease, asthma, brittle bone disease etc. These are passed to the child through their genes. If one of these illnesses is passed on to the child like brittle bone disease then this will affect the child in a negative way because they might not be able to do things properly when they are older, like sports and exercise. It would limit their opportunities and stop them from doing things that they would later want to do. Jonathan was born with a medical condition called Down’s syndrome; this condition will affect all areas of his development. Down’s syndrome is also known as trisomy 21, which is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 in a babys cells. Around 750 babies are born with the condition each year in the UK www. nhs. uk/conditions/downs syndrome/pages/introduction. aspx. Children with Down’s syndrome will have learning disability and delayed development, but this may be different with other children. Also they will have short arms and legs and low muscle tone, making it hard for them to learn to move. Jonathan’s development in all areas will be delayed and he will find hard to learn certain things such as talking, reading, walking and sitting etc. He will take longer to learn to do these things than an average child. Some children with Down’s syndrome will have few health problems as a result of their condition. Possible health complications of Down’s syndrome might include heart disorders, bowel abnormalities, digestive problems, hearing and vision impairments, increase risk of infections etc. ww. nhs. uk/Conditions/Downs-syndrome/Pages/Complications. aspx Jonathan may have these health problems which he may need to get checked or get treatment for it in hospitals. Biological Factors Biological factors are things that are passed onto an individual through the blood stream or other means such as during pregnancy the mom can pass on substances through the placenta to the child in her womb. An example of this is when women during pregnancy ingest alcohol and crosses the placenta barrier. This can cause developing problems during fatal stages and can stunt fatal growth or weight, create distinctive facial stigmata, damage neurons and brain structures which in later life they will have problems with intellectual development within learning and understanding concepts and cause other physical, mental or behavioural problems later on in the individual life. Jonathan hasn’t got anything passed down to him when he was in her mum’s womb. But Jonathan was born with a medical condition called Down’s syndrome; he has also got heart conditions which he has to take medication often for. Having heart problems will mean he will get tired and become breathless which will mean he won’t be able to do certain activities in school such as football, basketball and running etc. because he would become tired and might start to cough a lot which is not good for his health. Not being able to do certain activities will mean he will feel left out and might feel his different from other children and this might affect his self-esteem and confidence because he might feel that his left out. Although he could do other activities that are not tiring like gymnastics, tennis and cricket etc. hich will make him feel that his part of the group and he won’t feel left out. Jonathan might also have thyroid problems, which is located in the neck and is responsible for controlling your metabolism (the rate at which your body uses up energy). The effects of thyroid that Jonathan could have are lack of energy which means he won’t be able to do certain things, gaining weight, slow physical and mental reactions, difficult breathing and difficult sleeping. nhs. uk/Conditions/Downs-syndrome/Pages/Complications. spx Environmental factors Environmental factors are things such as housing conditions, neighbourhoods, communities, pollution and access to that can affect an individual’s development. Jonathan has good housing as he lives in a wealthy area with his mum and sister. His father and mother divorced five years ago but his father pays large amount of maintenance for Jonathan’s care and helping the mother to pay for bills etc. so they don’t have to worry about Jonathon being cold or catching any illness because of his condition. It is important that he does have a good housing because it will help to improve his development. Jonathan comes from a wealthy family meaning he will have access to different types of health services and the family will be able to afford to take Jonathan to private doctors meaning he will be looked after properly and the medication he will get will be much better because he won’t be getting cheap medications because the family will be able to pay for expensive medication so just could get better quickly. The family have hired specialist nurses and portage workers to look after Jonathan. â€Å"Portage is a home-visiting educational service for preschool children who have additional support needs and their families. Portage services aim to work with your child’s developmental needs to develop their strengths, fulfil their potential and build their confidence. A portage service worker may assist with play activities, behaviour, communication, relationships and learning in your own home’’. nhs. uk/CarersDirect/guide/kinds/Pages/portage. aspx Jonathan would benefit from portage worker because they would support his development needs, learning new skills, build their confidence and helping him to fulfil his potential. They would also teach his mother how to support Jonathan’s in learning new skills and helping him to improve on his development. This would support all areas of Jonathan’s development because they would work on helping him to walk, talk and how to interact with other people and he knows how to do these things then they would look at things which he needs more help on and provide him with these skills. Jonathan’s parents might also hire speech therapists to help Jonathan with his speech, language and communication problems so he can communicate better with other people. Jonathan parents won’t have money issues as they earn a large income so they won’t have problems providing Jonathan with quality care. Socio-economic factors Socio-economic factors are social and economic activities that influence an individual’s development in life. These include things such as family and peer groups influences, housing and community influences, education, social class etc. Income and education will impact Jonathan, because Jonathan comes from a rich family he won’t have any problems with money because his father pays high amount of maintenance, this means the parents can afford to pay for private doctors who will monitor his health every time, portage workers who will help him develop new skills and also they may help the parents. Also they can get speech therapist for Jonathan if he needs it; they can also afford to buy special equipment and toys for Jonathan to use for example soft toys that are not dangerous i. e. toys that are broken or sharp. Having specialist equipment would help support Jonathan’s physical development and will protect him from injury. Jonathan’s parents are also able to afford to send Jonathan to a private school. Private schools are better than public schools because they offer better quality teachers and this would affect Jonathan intellectually and socially because private schools offer better qualified teachers and better facilities. Also private school have small class which will mean that the teacher can spend more time with every student, if Jonathan needs help with anything then the teacher will be there to help him. Also private schools are most likely to support children with special educational needs and they are aware of how to support children with different conditions. Going to private school will affect Jonathan positively because he will learn to interact with other children his age, make friends and he will discover what things that make him happy. This will affect his social and emotional development as he’s socialising with other children and his self-confidence and self-esteem will improve. Lifestyle Factors Lifestyle is the chosen way an individual chooses to lead there life which includes – chosen dietary and nutrition intake, amount of physical exercise individual chooses to undertake and substances abuse and how much an individual subjects there body to. Lifestyle factors that may affect Jonathan would include diet, nutrition and social interaction. Jonathan comes from a wealthy family; this means that he will have good diet because his parents will be buying healthy food such as fruits and vegetables which is good for you because it’s full of nutrition. This will affect Jonathan positively as he will be healthy and it will help him avoid further health complications such as high blood pressure etc. There are certain foods which Jonathan should avoid such as fast food, takeaways or microwave food that are not good for you because it can make you fat if its eaten a lot and when older you can get health problems such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and heart disease and you might get heart attack and stroke . It is important that Jonathan stays away from unhealthy food. Jonathan takes part in activities through school, scouts and a performing arts group for children with special needs. Attending scouts will have a positive effect on Jonathan because he is interacting with other children, making friends and doing different activities such as cooking, sports activities and camping which will build his confidence and self-esteem and it will help him to know what he likes and dislikes. Participating in different activities will also help Jonathan develop intellectually as his learning new skills. This will broaden his knowledge and skills that he has. Attending scouts and performing arts will be a positive influence because he will stay active and he will be healthy, also it will have positive effect on Jonathan’s emotional development because when he participates in scouts, he is able to earn medal or badges and this will make him more confident and it will boost his self-esteem and have a better view upon himself which will make him happy.

Political Science or Public Policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Science or Public Policy - Term Paper Example e leaders have perfected the art of using all manner of illegal tactics to remain in power such as vote rigging, detaining opposition leaders and altering the constitution. Some African leaders have objected the idea of multi-party democracy thus anybody seeking a political leadership opportunity should do so through one party which is controlled the by the incumbent president. The parliamentary systems are ineffective and weak since they are controlled by the executive. The main duty of the legislature is to oversee the smooth running and implementation of government policies but African governments have failed in this duty. The parliamentary systems is misused by the executive to rubber stamp the decisions of the executive while the judiciary lacks the independence to protect the constitution and civil rights. A flawed electioneering system and ethnic based politics will continue to precipitate political conflicts unless policy changes are implemented. Though the international community is greatly supporting Africa nations to implement full democratic and market-based economies, dictatorial leadership, unfair elections, diseases and unequal distribution of resources have hindered all the opportunities of ensuring democracy in several African countries. Natural resources like copper, gold and oil mining continue to be trafficked to foreign countries by corrupt leaders thus leading to low economic development of these conflicts. Unfair distribution of resources and underdevelopment of some parts of the countries, especially areas occupied by the marginalized ethnic communities is currently fueling ethnic-based conflicts for power and natural resources. Some leaders are busy utilizing the natural resources to fuel ethnic tensions and conflicts in order to remain in power. There are numerous challenges that have hindered entrenchment of liberal democracy in Africa. African countries will continue to experience political conflicts unless the leaders agree how to

Second Examination (Jack Power and Joseph Control Case) Case Study

Second Examination (Jack Power and Joseph Control ) - Case Study Example ver, with the current increased shipping cost of twenty dollars per set, Jack informed Joseph of the situation and required to incur the extra cost of shipping through a certified letter. Nevertheless, Jack delivered the goods to Joseph without Joseph’s response. Before the court of law, the two men have their legal rights to be owned. According to the law, Joseph has a right to receive the goods as far as the contract is concerned. Since he had paid for the goods, he can choose to receive them since he is the legal owner of the goods. He can reject the supplied goods because of the damages. The law of the contract stated clearly that Joseph would receive quality and quantity goods as required, but some goods were damaged on the way. Therefore, Joseph had a right to reject the goods. He is also entitled to examining the TV sets to ascertain if they conform to the contract. It is clearly stated in the law of sale of goods that a buyer has a right to examine the delivered goods before accepting them. Moreover, he has a right to sue Jack for losses incurred and dishonoring of the contract. The second shipping of TV sets delivered damaged goods, which is against the contract and result to the breach of the same contract. On the other hand, Jack as a seller has a number of rights. First, he has a right to be paid the amount of money as it was agreed failure to which he can sue Joseph. He has a right to be indemnified for the cost incurred to preserve the TV sets sold for the buyer, immediately after the ownership has passed to latter. He stated well that the cost of shipping TV sets increased by twenty dollars per set. Therefore, according rights of the seller, Joseph is liable to incur the expenses, failure to which he can be sued. Lastly, it is Jack’s legal right to stop the movement of the TV sets when Joseph has failed, and the cost has been paid accordingly. At first, it was a right of Jack not to ship the TV sets because Joseph remained silent even after

Risk Assessment Is the Health, Safety and Environmental Management Coursework

Risk Assessment Is the Health, Safety and Environmental Management - Coursework Example This essay explores the methods of risk identification that are applicable to the health, safety, and environmental issues. Brainstorming is a method used across all disciplines to identify risk. Groups of professionals come together and verbally identify the risks that are in their sectors. In this method, all the people involved need to be informed and well equipped with the general knowledge so that they can appreciate the opinions of the others. Relevant documentation is required after the brainstorming exercise so that the information can be stored for use in the evaluation exercise. Interviews can also be used to identify risks that are bound to occur in a certain field of interest. Precaution should be taken on the kind of person interviewee since it affects the reliability of the kind of information that will be collected. It is normally advised that an interview is carried out after a brainstorming session to have appropriate questions to ask in the interview. However, inter views are limited to the capabilities of the facilitator and therefore he/she should be competent in carrying out interviews. Experiments can be performed to identify a risk. In the health sector, experiments can be performed on animals that have reaction characteristic similar to those of humans. In the environment samples can be set aside, experiments performed on them, and the results of the experiments used to identify a risk. Risks can be identified by reading documented knowledge. Researches were done previously and knowledge from books and journal is an important source of information in risk identification. However, the researcher should be cautious when using this knowledge to ensure that it is relevant and from a credible source. A lot of research has been done in the safety and health sector and the documented information could offer solutions in identifying risks. Documented historical knowledge that is widely accepted as a fact could be used in risk identification

Part One Article On Unemployment Economics Essay

Part One Article On Unemployment Economics Essay Singapore unemployment rate declines as there are fewer lay-offs registered between April and June as the number of new job increases. The unemployment rate dipped over the quarter by 0.1% to 2% in June, while the rate for citizens decline by 0.2% to 2.8% and 3% respectively. The total number of jobs created in the second quarter of the year has risen to a total of 31,700 jobs, which is higher than the same period last year. A total of 58,900 jobs were created in the first half of the year, compared with 53,100 on the previous year which increases by 5,900 of jobs this year. Service sector has a higher employment rate compared to last year where there was a gain of 19,300 jobs, an increase of 2,000 more vacancies in the service sector, which also includes manufacturing sector where 4,700 jobs were created. Three in five residents laid off in the first quarter of the year found a job by June, shows an improvement of 50% by the previous cohort in March. Labour productivity have drop 1.9% between April and June, the third consecutive quarter of decline. SOURCE: TODAYonline | Singapore | Unemployment rate declines. 2012. TODAYonline | Singapore | Unemployment rate declines. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC120915-0000032/Unemployment-rate-declines. [Accessed 18 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix A Definition of Unemployment Unemployed defined as persons of working age who are without work, are available to start work within two weeks and either have actively looked for work in the last four weeks or are willing to take up an appointment. SOURCE: Macroeconomics (19th edition). McGraw-Hill Reference from Macroeconomic, Unemployment and Inflation Chapter 5 Economic Analysis Unemployment rate is the percentage of the people in the labour force who are unemployed. Unemployment rate: Number of people unemployed x 100% Labour Force Based on MOM statistics data as of June 2011 Unemployment rate = 81.2 / 2,080.1 x 100% = 4.0% SOURCE: [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/sif2012.pdf. [Accessed 18 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix B 3.01 Causes of unemployment The causes of unemployment can be caused by 3 types of unemployment which are Frictional unemployment Structural unemployment Cyclical unemployment Below is my research to reflect the employment growth and unemployment growth. 3.02 Frictional unemployment We always aim for a better opportunity that is when we workers leave our jobs to find better ones, simply moving towards a better position. This occurs because workers need to find out about possible new job opportunities, go for interviews and possibly move before starting their new jobs. Frictional unemployment allows companies to find qualified workers. Labour cost would rise when workers stay with their current jobs until they found one, it will be more time consuming and expensive for companies to bring on good workers, causing cost-push inflation. The table below shows the chart of the Rate of Re-entry into Employment of Residents made redundant. As we can see in the table below, the total rate of re-entry from March to June increases by 10.4%. Clerical, sales and service workers has the highest re-entrants which is 21.9%. SOURCE: Re-entry into Employment Ministry of Manpower . 2012. Re-entry into Employment Ministry of Manpower. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/statistics-publications/national-labour-market-information/statistics/Pages/re-entry_into_employment.aspx. [Accessed 18 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix C . SOURCE: [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/Publications/mrsd_qtlmr122.pdf. [Accessed 18 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix D Older workers stepping into Labour Force and slowing down the Local Labour Force Growth The proportion of workers ages 55 to 64 has an increase of 2.2% in the workforce, comparing from 2010 and 2011. Some companies in Singapore is starting to hire older workers, older workers need to stay longer in the labour force. The cost of productivity arises on the employers concerns. SOURCE: [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/Documents/statistics-publications/Statistical-Charts/mrsd_ResEmpRatebyAge_Sex_Ct_310112.pdf. [Accessed 18 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix E Alternatively, there are more people leaving their jobs in the first and second quarter of 2011 and 2012. The recruitment rate increases by 10% compared to 2011. SOURCE: Labour Turnover Ministry of Manpower . 2012. Labour Turnover Ministry of Manpower. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/statistics-publications/national-labour-market-information/statistics/Pages/labour-turnover.aspx. [Accessed 18 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix F 3.04 Structural unemployment Structural unemployment comes from the mismatch between the jobs available and the skills of the available workers in the market. These people usually do not have skills that are not needed nor have a specialized background which does not fit the market or cannot be used in the current market. It is difficult for workers to learn a new set of skills or to move on to an area whereby they need to start afresh. Policies should be put in place to prevent such unemployment. Structural unemployment is the most common form of unemployment in the market. Factors that result in structural unemployment Age Educational level Some of the workers may be too young or too old for the job requirements. While some do not have a very high education level may have a different view from the employers. High educated workers may not be interested jobs that provide them with low wages and long working hours. The table below shows the increase of 32.8% in the employment rate between 2010 to 2011, and also the number of employed workers by age and educational level. SOURCE: Report on Labour Force in Singapore 2011: Statistical Tables Ministry of Manpower . 2012. Report on Labour Force in Singapore 2011: Statistical Tables Ministry of Manpower. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/statistics-publications/national-labour-market-information/publications/Pages/statistical-tables-2011.aspx. [Accessed 18 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix G 3.05 Cyclical unemployment The number of retrenchment in the first three quarters of 2011 and 2012 increased to 15.3%. Below is the analysis that reflected the number of retrenchment in the first 3 quarters of 2011 and 2012. SOURCE: [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/Documents/statistics-publications/Statistical-Charts/mrsd_Redundancy_ct_311012.pdf. [Accessed 18 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix H 4.0 Conclusion of Analysis Analysing the report, it shows that our economy in Singapore is facing with low unemployment rate till date. Unless, there is a high demand from the employer to increase productivity then the empoyment rate will increase. As we can see that foreign wokers in some industry like construction, manufacturing and engenieering sectors are increasing. We should be balancing the foregin and local workforce in order to ensure low unemployment rate in Singapore. Price-Level AS P2 AD2 P1 AD1 RGDP Q1 Q2 Increase in AD curve due to demand in supplies Increase in price levels due to demand in workforce Increase in national output due to supplies produced Fall in unemployment due to demand in labour 5.0 Referencing Appendix A Online source Available at: http://www.todayonline.com/Singapore/EDC120915-0000032/Unemployment-rate-declines. Definition of Unemployment Macroeconomics (19th edition). McGraw-Hill Reference from Macroeconomic, Unemployment and Inflation Chapter 5 Appendix B Online source Available at: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/pubn/reference/sif2012.pdf. Appendix C Online source Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/statistics-publications/national-labour-market-information/statistics/Pages/re-entry_into_employment.aspx. Appendix D Online source Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/Publications/mrsd_qtlmr122.pdf Appendix E Online source Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/Documents/statistics-publications/Statistical-Charts/mrsd_ResEmpRatebyAge_Sex_Ct_310112.pdf. Appendix F Online source Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/statistics-publications/national-labour-market-information/statistics/Pages/labour-turnover.aspx. Appendix G Online source http://www.mom.gov.sg/statistics-publications/national-labour-market-information/publications/Pages/statistical-tables-2011.aspx Appendix H Online source Available at: http://www.mom.gov.sg/Documents/statistics-publications/Statistical-Charts/mrsd_Redundancy_ct_311012.pdf. 6.0 Appendix Appendix A Appendix B MACROECONOMIC REPORT PART TWO ARTICLE ON INFLATION COHORT : DBA 5B/12 DONE BY : CHOO AI LYN, ESTH CONTENT PAGE Table of Content Page No Summary of Article †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 20 Definition of Inflation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 20 Economic Analysis ..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 21-22 Inflation caused by Policy on Foreign Workers and Lower Local Workforce.Page 23 Inflation caused by Cost of Private Transportation and Higher COE Premiums†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 24 Inflation caused by Increases in Oil Price†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 24 Conclusion of Analysis .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 25 References†¦. ..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 26 Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 27-32 Summary of Article The article indicated that core inflation soared up to 4.7% in September. Consumer price rose to 5.3% year-on-year in June. This jump in inflation was due to the high costs for both private road transport and also housing. Transportation costs rose up to 10.8% in September compared to the increase of 6.3% in August. The accommodation cost rises to a 7.7% in September from 7.4 in August, an increase of 0.3% within a month. SOURCE: Singapores CPI inflation rises to 4.7 pct in September Xinhua | English.news.cn . 2012. Singapores CPI inflation rises to 4.7 pct in September Xinhua | English.news.cn. [ONLINE] Available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/business/2012-10/23/c_131925252.htm. [Accessed 11 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix A Definition of Inflation The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Central banks attempt to stop severe inflation, along with severe deflation, in an attempt to keep the excessive growth of prices to a minimum. SOURCE: Inflation Definition | Investopedia . 2012. Inflation Definition | Investopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/inflation.asp. [Accessed 11 November 2012]. Economic Analysis CPI and Annual Inflation Rate Year Consumer Price Index Annual Inflation Rate 2010 102.8 2.8% 2011 108.2 5.2% Calculation of Annual Inflation Rate Annual Inflation Rate = CPI of year 2010 CPI of year 2011 x 100% CPI of year2010 Annual Inflation Rate = 108.2 102.8 x 100% 102.8 = 5.2% CPI and Annual Inflation rate from 2000 to 2011 SOURCE: Statistics Singapore Time Series on Consumer Price Index and Inflation Rate. 2012. Statistics Singapore Time Series on Consumer Price Index and Inflation Rate. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/hist/cpi.html. [Accessed 19 November 2012]. 3.1 Inflation caused by Policy on Foreign Workers and Lower Local Workforce SOURCE: Composition of Singapores Total Workforce. 2012. Composition of Singapores Total Workforce. [ONLINE] Available at: http://population.sg/resources/workforce-composition/. [Accessed 19 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix BIn a recent press release by MOM, it states that as of December 2011 our total workforce was 3.02 million, excluding foreign workers. Singapore residents forms a total of 67% while the foreign workers making up to the remaining 33%. As we can see in the chart below, the percentage of foreign workers have reduced. . 3.2 Inflation caused by Cost of Private Transportation and Higher COE Premiums. SOURCE: COE Prices in Singapore Oneshift.com. 2012. COE Prices in Singapore Oneshift.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.oneshift.com/new_cars/lcoe.php. [Accessed 19 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix C, D, EThe COE price have been increasing in recent months, it actually affect the price of new cars for potential buyers. The buyers will now have to consider about the future costs of owning a vehicle, putting into considerations, the petrol price. 3.3 Inflation caused by Increases in Oil Price Base on the chart below, the oil prices have been decreasing from the 1st to the 3rd quarter of 2011 and 2012. Aggregate supply increases as production and manufacturing process less due to lower spending. SOURCE: [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/ess/essa62.pdf. [Accessed 19 November 2012]. Refer to: Appendix F Conclusion With my findings on the above data and statistics, I believe Singapore is categorized under cost-push inflation. Workers should improve their skills to increase the level of labour and productivity, recommended by the Government. No one has the way of controlling the oil prices; hence the inflation will stay with the economic growth. 5.0 Referencing Appendix A Online Source Available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/business/2012-10/23/c_131925252.htm. Appendix B Online Source Available at: http://population.sg/resources/workforce-composition/. Appendix C, D, E Online Source Available at: http://www.oneshift.com/new_cars/lcoe.php. Appendix F Online Source Available at: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/ess/essa62.pdf.

Hypatia :: Essays Papers

Hypatia Hypatia was born in the year 370 AD in Alexandria, Egypt. She was the daughter of Theon, a famous mathematician and astronomer. He invented many things, but his most famous invention is the astrolabe, which measures the altitude of a star or planet. Hypatia studied with her father for many years at the Museum in Alexandria, but soon became unsatisfied with his instruction because she was smarter than him. She left Egypt, and traveled to Greece and Rome to do "post-graduate" work. Her brains and beauty gave her a wonderful reputation throughout the capitols near the Mediterranean. When she returned to her homeland, everyone wanted to be taught by her. She not only gave lectures on philosophy, but also tutored. Hypatia became good friends with Orestes, the Roman governor of Alexandria, and would later become one of his closest advisors. She also became pals with Synesius, who became bishop of Ptolmais thanks to Hypatia’s ingenuity. Much of what we know about Hypatia today is from the letters Synesius wrote to her. In one letter, Synesius wrote to his friend, "You always have power and long may you have it and make good use of that power. The ancient encyclopedia Suda also tells us a little bit about Hypatia. It tells us that when she was 31, she became director of the museum in Alexandria. This museum was brought the top scientists from all around Europe to work and do research there. Some of these mathematicians and scientists were Euclid, Galen, and Archimedes. This museum was considered to be one of the finest and most outstanding buildings at the time. It was built by Ptolemy, the ruler of Egypt after Alexander the Great, in 300 B.C. Next to the museum Ptolemy built a library which was considered the greatest library of the ancient world. However, the Julius Caesar’s army burned it down accidentally. Some archaeologists called this "the greatest disaster in the ancient world." During Hypatia’s life, there was bitter rivalry between the pagans and Christians of the Mediterranean. Hypatia was a pagan herself, but taught both Christian and non-Christian students. The pagans and Christians were battling over who had more power, and in March of 415 AD, it was the Christians who had the most power. These two groups were trying to drive each other out of Alexandria.

Gender Biased Culture

History of ancient world have shown that gender biased cultures have been in existence for more than thousand of years. The movie Mulan is a perfect example for a gender biased culture by giving the power to the men and withholding it from women. As I grew up in a gender biased cultures like India and Middle East, I can relate this movie with the gender issues in my generation. For many years, woman in these cultures must be fully covered from head to toe when in public, are not allowed to work, and are not allowed to drive.Mulan Fa, the main character in the movie, comes to her elderly fathers defense and refuses to let him go and fight in the Emperor's army. She takes matters into her own hands and cuts her hair and puts on her fathers armor to become a man and take his place in the battle. When my father was immigrated to United States America, I and my mother have to stay in India until I finish my high school. In the movie, Mulan is an only child and her father has a physical di sability, so Mulan and her mother ended up having to take on traditionally male roles in the house for their family to get by.When I was little, I helped my mother with chores outside my home such as running to stores to buy groceries, pay bills, etc. In my culture, when a girl hits puberty, she is not allowed to go outside of home by herself or without covering from head to toe with hijab. So when I hit puberty I was stopped by my grandparents from going out of my house except for school. After I moved to United States, I started to work part time as I go to school. So, I was the first woman in my family to go to work and drive.In the movie, Mulan feels that she should be able to do all the things males do and do them with pride and dignity. Likewise, it was hard for me as I grew up as a tomboy. If a female follows a male's style of life are seen as tomboys and are outlawed in my society. Even my mother did not like to keep me in house but she was afraid of the society we have live d in. So, my parents have decided to move to United States as I can have a life with freedom especially from gender biased culture.Like in the movie Mulan, in my culture, men traditionally have the rigorous and more physically demanding chores around the house as in; taking out the trash, mowing lawns, and working to provide for the family Whereas women traditionally have less physically demanding tasks such as having dinner ready and on the table when the husband comes home, they are supposed to clean the house and take care of kids and strictly forbidden from working. This movie came when I was 12 but I saw this movie when I was 18. I liked that movie so much and I thought I was like Mulan. I think this gender biased culture is unhealthy for both gender.It is unfair for men as they must choose their true selves and it is unfair for women and girls as they cannot develop their own talent if its too masculine. The story of this movie Mulan seems to be known and told for more than th ousands of years. The chinese in the ancient world wore the dress called Hanfu (â€Å"kwintessential†). When Mulan and the other girls go to see the matchmaker they are all wearing Hanfu. When every family is told that it must send a man to fight in the war her father prepares to go but Mulan decides to go in his stead In order to do this she has to cut her hair short and dress as a man.The movie supports the Mulan story where women must cross-dress to achieve the same accomplishments as men. The movie Mulan summarizes all of the cultures beliefs and thoughts on gender myths and determination. Even now, in some asian countries like in India, China, killing female babies and fetus is still happening. It is because of belief in many cultures that a male can support a family but not female. In many cultures since the beginning of time have had the same attitude towards gender and sex; they are in favor of the masculine male.

Free Essays on Children Of Alcoholics

Children of Alcoholics I’m doing a paper on Children of Alcoholic parents, mostly because I grew up in a family where alcohol was always present. Whether I was at the bar with my Mom or it was at home; it was always around. I think by researching this subject and writing this paper will help me to have a better understanding of my past and the things that I do now days because of the alcoholism that I grew up around. It was a very hard upbringing and I can easily relate to what I’m writing about. Below, I will be discussing the stress caused by alcoholic parents or family members, the different life experiences, statistics as well as the domestic violence that goes on in the family from the effect of Alcohol. What is Alcohol? Alcohol is a drug, just as barbiturates and tranquilizers are drugs. It is a mood altering substance, a potent depressant of the central nervous system â€Å"aka† a â€Å"downer.† Unlike most drugs, alcohol doesn’t require a prescription and it is legal for those of the age of 21. People of this age can buy beer, wine, and distilled spirits at liquor and grocery stores. Almost every town that you travel through large and small is a number of nightclubs, bars where liquor is sold by the drink. Americans drink at parties and family gatherings. They drink to celebrate, to forget their troubles, and to unwind after a hard day at work. From every side we are bombarded with the idea that drinking is the sexy and friendly thing to do (Porterfield, 1985). In fact about 100 million, or two thirds, of the people in this country drink alcohol regularly and forget that the chemical within the drink is very addictive (Porterfield, 1985). What is Alcoholism? Alcoholism is a condition in which individuals drink alcohol habitually and to excess. The drinkers continue to consume beer, wine, and whiskey even though this results in serious harm to their physical and mental health as well as damaging the... Free Essays on Children Of Alcoholics Free Essays on Children Of Alcoholics Children of Alcoholics I’m doing a paper on Children of Alcoholic parents, mostly because I grew up in a family where alcohol was always present. Whether I was at the bar with my Mom or it was at home; it was always around. I think by researching this subject and writing this paper will help me to have a better understanding of my past and the things that I do now days because of the alcoholism that I grew up around. It was a very hard upbringing and I can easily relate to what I’m writing about. Below, I will be discussing the stress caused by alcoholic parents or family members, the different life experiences, statistics as well as the domestic violence that goes on in the family from the effect of Alcohol. What is Alcohol? Alcohol is a drug, just as barbiturates and tranquilizers are drugs. It is a mood altering substance, a potent depressant of the central nervous system â€Å"aka† a â€Å"downer.† Unlike most drugs, alcohol doesn’t require a prescription and it is legal for those of the age of 21. People of this age can buy beer, wine, and distilled spirits at liquor and grocery stores. Almost every town that you travel through large and small is a number of nightclubs, bars where liquor is sold by the drink. Americans drink at parties and family gatherings. They drink to celebrate, to forget their troubles, and to unwind after a hard day at work. From every side we are bombarded with the idea that drinking is the sexy and friendly thing to do (Porterfield, 1985). In fact about 100 million, or two thirds, of the people in this country drink alcohol regularly and forget that the chemical within the drink is very addictive (Porterfield, 1985). What is Alcoholism? Alcoholism is a condition in which individuals drink alcohol habitually and to excess. The drinkers continue to consume beer, wine, and whiskey even though this results in serious harm to their physical and mental health as well as damaging the...

Ife Modakeke Essays

Ife Modakeke Essays Ife Modakeke Essay Ife Modakeke Essay Urban-ethno communal conflict in Africa: Nigeria Abidemi R. Asiyanbola PhD Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Faculty of the Social Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria E-mail: [emailprotected] com or [emailprotected] com A paper submitted for presentation at the Union for African Population Studies (UAPS) Fifth African Population Conference, Arusha, Tanzania: December 10 – 14, 2007 2Abstract: Observation from literature shows that the role of ethnicity as a mobilizing agent is among the most important questions of this century as conflicts linked to ethnicity have led to significant loss of life and injuries in many countries, and become major elements in impoverishment, undermining human security and sustainable development. Hitherto, literature on this issue in Africa is relatively weak in terms of systematically providing empirical evidence to substantiate its claims.The paper presents a preliminary report of an empirical study on urban ethno-communal conflict in Nigeria: the case of IfeModakeke. Among the issues examined are the perception of the conflict, how past violence conflict is recollected, and attitude of people towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons, social interaction among the people of the two communities. Also examined is the relationship between perception of the conflict; social interaction; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. The data used is from a larger household survey carried out by the author in Ife-Modakeke community.The result of the correlation analysis shows a negative relationship between perception of the conflict and social interaction. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the less is social interaction with the people of the other community. The result also shows a positive relationship between perception of the conflict and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the more their attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Furthermore, the result shows a negative elationship between social interaction and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the more there is social interaction among the people of the two communities, the less is the attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This result suggests that policies that encourage social integration, psycho-social healing and psychological transformation could enhance the attainment of sustainable peace among the people of the two communities. Keywords: Ethnicity; Conflict; Sustainable peace; Africa; Nigeria . 0 Introduction Various part of Africa has experienced dangerous scenes of incessant dysfunctional conflicts, which have occurred between communities, ethnic groups and religious groups. Observation from the literature shows that the role of ethnicity as a mobilizing agent is among the most important questions of this century as conflicts linked to ethnicity have 3 led to significant loss of life and injuries in many countries, and become major elements in impoverishment, undermining human security and sustainable development.Ethnicity refers to a group of people with a common socio/cultural identity such as language, common worldview, religion and common cultural traits (Boaten, 2000). Thus ethic groups are social formations distinguished by the communal character (i. e language and culture) of their boundaries (Nnoli, 1980). In other words, ethnic groups represent categories of people characterized by cultural criteria symbols including language, value systems and normative behaviour, and whose members are anchored in a particular part of the new state territory (Otite, 1990).Actually, the word ethnic is derived from the Greek word ethnos which means a group of people who share a common and distinctive culture. In its classical meaning, ethnic relates to a member of a particular ethnos (Imobighe, 2003). Hence ethnicity a ccording to Imobighe should be seen as the feeling of belonging to a distinctive cultural or linguistic group, or a manifestation of ethnic consciousness in relation to other groups. Conflicts arise from the pursuit of divergent interests, goals and aspirations by individuals and or groups in defined social and physical environments (Otite, 1999).As observed in the literature, ethnic conflict derives their rationale and configuration from perceived socio/cultural differences. In fact, Otite (1990) present a picture of ethnicity as the contextual discrimination by members of one group against others on the basis of differentiated system of socio-cultural symbols. He affirms that ethnicity has the properties of common group consciousness and identity and also group exclusiveness on the basis of which social discriminations are made.This in most case as experienced in most African countries and in Nigeria in particular has resulted to violent intractable conflicts. 4 Nigeria is a large multiethnic country where ethnic cleavages remain a critical problem and ethnic violence has erupted periodically. Within the past four decades, Nigeria has experienced dangerous scenes of incessant dysfunctional conflicts, which have occurred between communities, ethnic groups and religious groups.It is note worthy that these conflicts are not confined to any specific geo-political region of the country. The situation has become extremely worrisome since the beginning of the new democratic dispensation that is, Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, which was enthroned on May 29, 1999. Within the first three years of the country’s return to democratic rule, Nigeria had witnessed the outbreak of several violent communal or ethnic conflicts, while some old ones had gained additional potency.Examples of conflicts in Nigeria in recent time include Yoruba-Hausa community in Shagamu, Ogun State; Eleme-Okrika in Rivers State; the intermittent clashes in Kano, Kano State; Zango-Kataf in Kaduna State; TivJukun in Wukari, Taraba State; Ogoni-Adoni in Rivers State; Chamba-Kuteb in Taraba State; Itsekiri-Ijaw/Urhobo in Delta State; Aguleri-Umuleri in Anambra State; Ijaw-Ilaje conflict in Ondo State; Basa-Egbura in Nassarawa State; Hausa/Fulani-Sawaya in Bauchi State; Fulani-Irigwe and Yelwa-Shendam, both in Plateau State; Hausa-Yoruba clashes in Idi-Araba in Lagos State, and Ife-Modakeke in Osun State (Ubi, 2001; Imobighe, 2003; Omotayo, 2005). The oldest intra-ethnic conflict in Nigeria, however, is Ife-Modakeke crisis. It has been going on for more than a century (Aguda, 1994; Albert, 1999; Agbe, 2001; Toriola, 2001). The conflict has become its own raison deter, its own self-empowered, and selffulfilling, as it had since detached from its original cause (Augsburger, 1992; Omotayo, 2005). While the causes of the crisis are many and varied, these causes are cultural 5 identity, economic and politics.These causes have been identified in the literature as important ele ments in ethnic conflicts. Although, there have been various studies on African peace and conflict which have provided novel theoretical perspectives and to a larger degree manages to capture the core issues explaining turmoil and violence in the continent. However, when assessed jointly, the publications are relatively weak in terms of systematically providing empirical evidence to substantiate its claims. The present study intends to contribute along this identified gap. In the paper, I present a preliminary report of an empirical study carried out in 2006 on urban ethno-communal conflict in Nigeria focusing on the case of Ife-Modakeke.Among the research questions which the study addresses are: What is the perception of the conflict? How is past violence conflict recollected? What is the attitude of people towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons? How is inter-personal relationship among the people of the two communities? Is there relationship between perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons? The null hypothesis tested in the paper are that there is no significant relationship between perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons 6 2. Methodology The data base for the paper is derived from both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data used in the paper is from a larger household survey carried out by the author in Ife and Modakeke communities in 2006. The household survey was implemented using the method of face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire was designed to collect information among others on the perception of the conflict, attitude towards violence/conflict/use of weapons, recollection of past violence conflict, recollection of past violence conflicts and social interaction indicators, etc In the two communities a total of 390 households wer e interviewed.Exact population figures of the two communities was not known as at the time of the field survey. The result of National Population census conducted in March 2006 was not yet released as at the time of the field survey. Therefore, in Ife community 195 households were interviewed, and in Modakeke community 195 households were interviewed. The choice of the sample size is based on the considerations of many factors including (De Vaus, 1996:73) cost, time, accuracy, and the fact that information relating to ethnocommunal conflict is still very sensitive in the two communities. Comprehensive list of households/dwellings in Ife and Modakeke communities is not available.Therefore, with the aid of an updated map of the two communities, Ife community is divided into 28 localities and Modakeke community is divided into 15 localities after blocking off localities that are badly affected by the conflict. By locality, I mean population clusters grouped together based on the local name of the area and the presence of notable boundaries such as stream or road. All the accessible 15 localities in 7 Modakeke community were selected, while in Ife, table of random number was used to select 15 localities. Thirteen (13) questionnaires each were administered in each of the localities selected. The households were randomly selected.Heads of households who were above 30 years in age and/or the spouse, preferably first wife in a polygamous household were interview. In order to ensure equal representation of women and men in the survey, the interview was conducted in alternate manner as survey proceeds, male/female head of household or wife preferably first wife in a polygamous household. The survey was carried out in July/August, 2006. For some reasons including security and safety, 20 field assistants were employed – 10 field assistants who are familiar with Ife community for Ife community survey, and 10 field assistants who are familiar with Modakeke community for Modakeke community survey. The field assistants are students of Obafemi Awolowo University.Training programme was conducted for these 20 field assistants on 1st July, 2006, at the Department of Geography, Faculty of the Social Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. I also engaged the service of a colleague Lecturer in the Department of Geography at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife in the training programme and the field work. The secondary sources of data that were used include literature – published and unpublished materials, technical reports, and publications. The data collected was analysed using simple frequencies, and percentages. Correlation statistical technique was used to test the stated hypothesis. 8 3. 0 Ife-Modakeke crisis – a brief account Ife-Modakeke, is situated in Osun State in the South – West Zone of Nigeria.The south –West Zone is made up of six States, namely, Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun Ondo ,Osun and Oyo States. The Zone is t raditionally inhabited by one of Nigeria’s three largest ethnic groups, the Yoruba. Historical accounts have it that Ifes and Modakekes are sons and daughters of the same parents. As Yorubas, their ancestry is traced to Oduduwa the progenitor of Yoruba race. It was the collapse Old Oyo Empire in the 19th century which caused a flood of refugees down south. Most of these refugees headed towards Ile-Ife. They must have been attracted to Ile-Ife by the historic image of the city as the aboriginal home of the Yoruba people [Orisun Yoruba] (Albert, 1999:143).The Ooni gladly welcomed the refugees as they relocated to Ile-Ife (Akinjogbin, 1992) and subsequently formed a community known today as Modakeke on a separate settlement created for them. The relationship between the Ifes and these Oyo refugees was very cordial at the initial stage. The Ooni and his Chiefs found them and their Oyo kinsmen. Back home, to be good allies in moments of warfare and good hands in farm work. The Oyo s provided military support to the Ifes during the Owu War of 1825 and various Ijesha invasions. This encouraged Ife Chiefs to throw their doors open to more Oyo refugees as they came in greater numbers. Land was given to them and several of them worked for Ife farmers. The first Ife-Modakeke crisis occurred in 1835 to 1849 (Albert, 1999; Oladoyin, 2001).This marked the beginning of an age-long communal violence between the Modakeke and the aboriginal communities in Ile-Ife. 9 Historical account of the first and origin of Ife-Modakeke crisis as stated by Albert, (1999:144-145) is that an Ife Chief, Okunade, the Maye, who was the leader of the Yoruba warriors that settled in Ibadan in the early nineteenth century; though a brave warrior, was an autocrat. He wielded so much influence in Ibadan politics that the Ifes started to see Ibadan as an extension town. In 1835, Okunade’s autocracy was challenged by some Oyo citizens in Ibadan; he was consequently expelled from the town. He attempted to recapture the city during the Gbanamu battle. He was killed and he Oyos thus took over the political leadership of Ibadan to the utter exclusion of their Ife allies. The Ifes responded by venting their anger on the Oyo refugees in their town (Akitoye 1970; Ajayi and Akintoye 1980). The refugees therefore were getting ill-treated and were sold into slavery. Around this same 1835 when the Ife hostility commenced against the Oyo refugees in their midst, rumours were circulating that the Fulani jihadists were preparing to invade some parts of Yorubaland from their Ilorin base. The surrounding Ife territories of Ikire, Iwata, Gbongan, Ipetumodu and Origbo became evacuated and the refugees came to settle in Ile-Ife. But the attitude of the Ifes to strangers had changed.Ooni Abeweila, who ascended the throne in 1839, had to send some of the refugees back to Ipetumodu, Gbongan and Ikire in 1847 following the defeat of the Fulani invaders at Osogbo in 1840. By the same year, the Ooni created a separate settlement from those Oyo refugees who had no home to rerun to. The settlement was named Modakeke after the cry of a nest of storks on a large tree near the site. The leader of the Oyo refugees was given the title Ogunsua (Johnson 1973; Akinjogbin 1992). To date, there had been seven major wars – 1835-1849, 1882-1909, 1946-1949, 1981, 1983, 1997-1998 and 2000. The conflict is depicted as a conflict between the Ife 10 â€Å"landlords† and the Modakeke â€Å"strangers/tenants†. The recent crisis has caused over 2000 deaths and several more injuries.Several hundreds of people were shot, slaughtered or lynched; several houses and properties were destroyed. Various studies have examined Ife-Modakeke crisis. Such studies include Albert (1999), Aguda, (2001); Oladoyin (2001), Agbe (2001), Toriola (2001), and Babajimi (2003). These studies have examined the history, causes and consequences of Ife-Modakeke crisis. The causes of the conflicts b etween Ifes and Modakekes are many and varied and are partly economic and party political and identity issues revolving around landownership issues, payment of land rent (Isakole), status of Modakeke community, local government creation and location of local government headquarters.In addition, the crisis, since the post-colonial period, has been a veritable weapon in the hands of those interested in creating political tensions in Yoruba land. 4. 0 Perception of the conflict In the survey various questions relating to perception of the conflicts were asked. Table 1 below shows the indicators of perception of the conflict which are asked in the questionnaire form administered. 11 Table 1: Indicators of perception of the conflict S/N Perception of the conflict 1 2 3 4 If ever heard of any conflict between the two communities Number of crisis aware of If think that the conflict is resolved If still expect crisis again between the two communitiesThe result of the frequency analysis is s hown in Table 2. The Table shows that majority of the respondents (97. 4%) have heard of the crisis between Ife and Modakeke community. Also, most of the respondents (58. 2%) are aware of 3-4 numbers of IfeModakeke crises, followed by 30. 0% who said that they are aware of 1-2 numbers of IfeModakeke crisis, and 8. 5% who said that they are aware of 5-6 numbers of Ife-Modakeke crisis. Thus, about 96. 7% of the respondents are aware of between 1-6 numbers of IfeModakeke crises. In response to the question as to if think that the conflict is resolved, and if still expect crisis again between the two communities; 34. % said that the conflict is not resolved, while 22. 1% said that they still expect crisis again between the two communities. 12 Table 2: Perception of the conflict S/N Perception of the Response conflict Ife % (n = Modakeke 195) % 195) (n Total % (n = = 390) 1 If ever heard of any conflict between the two communities Number of crisis aware of Yes No 1-2 3-4 5-6 gt;6 98. 5 1 . 5 28. 2 62. 1 5. 1 3. 1 57. 9 37. 9 30. 3 68. 2 96. 4 3. 6 29. 8 54. 4 11. 8 0. 0 66. 7 30. 8 13. 9 81. 0 97. 4 2. 6 30. 0 58. 2 8. 5 1. 5 62. 3 34. 4 22. 1 74. 6 2 3 If think that the conflict is resolved Yes No 4 If still expect crisis again between the two communities Yes No Field survey, 2006 5. Attitudes towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons In the survey various questions relating to attitudes towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons were asked. Table 3 shows indicators attitudes towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons which are asked in the questionnaire form administered. 13 Table 3: Attitudes towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons S/N Attitude towards violence/conflict/use of weapons 1 If opposed to the idea of people carrying weapons 2 If would encourage others to carry weapons and fight 3 If think that violence is the best way of expressing dissatisfaction 4 If think that violent fighting between the two community is necessary 5 If making inancial contribution to the community 6 If the respondent encouraged their children to make financial contribution to the community 7 If the respondent encouraged their spouse to make financial contribution to the community 8 If the respondent encouraged their relative to make financial contribution to the community 9 If the respondent encouraged women to make financial contribution to the community 10 If attend community meetings 11 If respondent encouraged their spouse to attend community meetings 12 If respondent encouraged their children to attend community meetings 13 If respondent encouraged their female children to attend community meetings 14 If respondent encouraged other women to attend community meetings The result of the frequency analysis is shown in Table 4. The Table shows that 36. 7% of the respondents said that they are not opposed to the idea of people carrying weapons, 12. 3% said that they would encourage others to carry weapons and fight, 9. % said that they think that violence is the best way of expressing dissatisfaction, while 11. 8% said that they think that violent fighting between the two community is necessary. In the two communities, organized violence is usually planned through community group meetings. Those who have flare for violence/conflicts/use of weapons will not miss community group meetings and will also make contributions to the community. Thus community group meetings attendance and making contributions to the community is used as an indicator of attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Therefore, questions relating to community group meetings attendance and making contributions to 4 the community are asked in the questionnaire. Most of the respondents (51. 5%) said that they make financial contributions to the community, 28. 7%, 39. 7%, 45. 1%, and 46. 9% said that they encouraged their children, spouse, relatives and others to make financial contribution to the community. Also, most of the respondents (53. 8%) said that they a ttend community meetings, 48. 5%, 33. 1%, 28. 5%, and 46. 7% said that they encourage their spouse, children, female children, and others to attend community meetings. Table 4: Attitudes towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons S/N Attitude towards Response Ife % (n Modakeke Total % (n violence/conflict/use of eapons = 195) % (n = = 390) 195) 1 If opposed to the idea of people carrying weapons Yes No 2 If would encourage others to carry weapons and fight Yes No 3 If think that violence is the best way of expressing dissatisfaction Yes No 64. 1 35. 4 8. 7 90. 8 6. 2 92. 9 8. 8 89. 8 46. 7 51. 8 26. 2 69. 7 60. 6 37. 9 16. 9 81. 1 12. 3 86. 2 14. 9 82. 1 56. 4 43. 7 31. 3 57. 5 62. 3 36. 7 12. 3 85. 9 9. 2 89. 5 11. 8 85. 9 51. 5 47. 7 28. 7 63. 6 4 If think that violent fighting Yes between the two community is necessary No If making financial contribution to the community Yes No 5 6 If the respondent Yes encouraged their children to make financial contribution No to the community 5 7 If the respondent encouraged their spouse to make financial contribution to the community If the respondent encouraged their relative to make financial contribution to the community If the respondent encouraged women to make financial contribution to the community If attend community meetings Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No 11 If respondent encouraged their spouse to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged their children to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged their female children to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged other women to attend community meetings Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No 37. 5 56. 5 42. 1 54. 9 42. 6 57. 4 54. 9 45. 1 47. 7 52. 3 28. 7 71. 27. 2 72. 8 40. 5 59. 5 42. 0 46. 7 48. 2 51. 8 51. 3 48. 7 52. 8 47. 2 49. 2 50. 8 37. 4 62. 6 29. 7 70. 3 52. 8 47. 2 39. 7 51. 5 45. 1 53. 3 46. 9 53. 1 53. 8 45. 4 48. 5 42. 3 33. 1 66. 9 28. 5 71. 5 46. 7 51. 8 8 9 10 12 13 14 Field survey, 2006 6. 0 Social interaction among the people o f the two communities This section examines social interaction among the people in the two communities as a reflection of social integration in the study area. The indicator of social interaction among the people in the two communities is the views of the people about inter-marriage among the people in the two communities. In the survey, various questions 6 relating to the views of the people about inter-marriage among the people in the two communities were asked. This is shown in Box 1. Box 1: Showing various questions relating to social interaction among the two communities that were asked 1. Do people in this community marry from Ife/Modakeke community? 2. How do you see women from Ife/Modakeke that is married to the people of this community? 3. Can you encourage your children to marry from Ife/Modakeke community? 4. Can you encourage your relations to marry from Ife/Modakeke community? 5. Can you as a person marry Ife/Modakeke person? 6. How do you see the children of the women from Ife/Modakeke that are married to the people of this community?The result of the frequency analysis is shown in Table 5. Majority of the respondents (92. 3%) said that there is inter-marriages among the people in the two communities. While 63. 3% sees women that are married to the other community as kinsmen, 2. 1% sees them as strangers, 12. 6% sees them as enemy and 12. 6% are indifferent. Also, while 63. 8% said that they can encourage their children to marry from the other community, 36. 2% said that they cannot encourage their children to marry from the other community. The result of the analysis also shows that 62. 8% said that they can encourage their relations to marry from the other community, while 34. % said that they cannot encourage their relations to marry from the other community. As a person, 54. 4% of the respondents said that they can marry from the other community, while 40. 3% said that they cannot marry from the other community. The result further reveals tha t children of women married to the people of the other community are seen as kinsmen (60. 0%), strangers (3. 3%), enemy (13. 6%), while 21. 3% of the respondents said that they are indifferent. This result suggest that women that are married to the other community and 17 particularly their children have identity crisis in the sense that some sees them as strangers and enemy, although quiet a percentage of the respondents sees them as kinsmen.Table 5: Showing the response to the questions on social interaction among the two communities that were asked S/N Questions Response Ife % Modakeke Total (n 195) 1 = % (n = % (n = 195) 96. 4 3. 1 390) 92. 8 7. 0 Do people in this community marry from Ife/Modakeke community? Yes No 89. 2 10. 8 2 How do you see women from Ife/Modakeke that is married to the people of this community? (1) Kinsmen (2) Stranger (3) Enemy (4) Indifferent 56. 4 3. 1 17. 4 22. 6 53. 8 46. 2 70. 3 1. 0 7. 7 20. 5 73. 8 26. 2 63. 3 2. 1 12. 6 21. 5 63. 8 36. 2 3 Can you e ncourage your children to marry from Ife/Modakeke community? Yes No 4 Can you to encourage marry your Yes from No 51. 8 44. 1 73. 8 24. 6 62. 8 34. 4 relations Ife/Modakeke community 5Can you as a person marry Ife/Modakeke person? Yes No 46. 2 47. 7 55. 4 62. 6 32. 8 64. 6 54. 4 40. 3 60. 0 6 How do you see the children of the women from Ife/Modakeke (1) Kinsmen 18 that are married to the people of this community? (2) Stranger (3) Enemy (4) Indifferent Field survey, 2006 4. 1 16. 9 21. 5 2. 6 10. 3 21. 0 3. 3 13. 6 21. 3 6. 0 Recollection of past violence conflict In the survey, various questions relating to the recollection of past violence were asked. These are shown in Box 2. Box 2: Showing various questions relating to the recollection of past violence that were asked 1. Did you witness any of the Ife/Modakeke violent conflict? 2.If yes, how many? 3. Where were you, your spouse and your family during the recent violent crisis? 4. When did you first hear the story of Ife/Modakeke crisis? 5. Did your parents ever tell you the story of Ife/Modakeke conflict? 6. If yes, which of them told you? 7. If both, which of them first told you? 8. When did you hear the story from your parent? 9. Have you also told/related the story to your children? 10. If yes, when did you first tell your children? The result of the frequency analysis is shown in Table 6. The Table shows that majority of the respondents (90. 3%) witnessed Ife-Modakeke violent conflict. Majority of the respondents (86. %) witnessed between one to four Ife-Modakeke violent conflicts. Also, majority of the respondents (85. 6%), including majority of their spouses (69. 7%) 19 and their families (77. 4%) are living within the community of residence, that is, Ife community or Modakeke community during the recent violent conflit in Ife-Modakeke. Most of the respondents said that they first had the story of Ife-Modakeke crisis during their childhood age period (38. 7%), followed by those who said that they fir st heard during their adolescent age period (22. 1%) and those who said that they first heard during youthful age period (18. 7%). This result shows that majority (79. 5%) have heard the story before their adulthood age.This implies that before the adulthood age period majority of the people are already conscious of the relationship of similarity and dissimilarity/crisis between the two communities. Most of the respondents (58. 5%) said that their parent told them the story of Ife-Modakeke crisis. While 32. 6% said that both parents told them, 14. 6% and 11. 3% said that their father and mother respectively told them. However, 23. 6% of the respondents said that their father told them first while 9. 0% said that their mother first told them. Most (55. 6%) said that they heard the story from their parents before their adulthood age that is during their childhood age period (29. 5%), during their adolescent age period (18. 2%), and during youthful age period (7. 9%). Most of the resp ondents (47. %) said that they have also related the story to their children. Most of the respondents told the story to their children during childhood age period (28. 7%), followed by those who told their children during their adolescent age period (12. 3%), and during youthful age period (4. 9%). 20 Table 6: Showing the response to the questions on the recollection of past violence that were asked S/N Questions Response Ife % (n Modakeke Total % (n = 195) % (n = = 390) 195) 1 Did you witness Yes 90. 8 89. 7 90. 3 any of the No 9. 2 10. 3 9. 7 Ife/Modakeke violent conflict? 2 If yes, how many? 1 2 3 4 5 gt;5 1. Within the community of residence 2. Neighboring rural areas to the community within the state 3.Neighboring community within the state 4. Outside the state 1. Within the community of residence 2. Neighboring rural areas to the community within the state 3. Neighboring community within the state 4. Outside the state 1. Within the community of residence 2. Neighboring rural a reas to the community within the state 3. Neighboring 13. 8 22. 1 27. 3 24. 6 3. 1 0. 0 9. 2 19. 5 23. 1 33. 3 4. 1 0. 5 11. 5 20. 8 25. 1 29. 0 3. 6 0. 3 3A Where were you during the recent violent crisis? 88. 7 82. 6 85. 6 2. 1 2. 6 5. 1 2. 6 4. 6 7. 7 2. 3 3. 6 6. 4 3B Where was your spouse during the recent violent crisis? 73. 8 65. 6 69. 7 5. 6 2. 6 6. 7 3. 1 5. 6 7. 2 4. 4 4. 1 6. 3C Where were your family during the recent violent crisis? 82. 1 72. 8 77. 4 2. 6 2. 6 2. 6 21 community within the state 4 When did you first hear the story of Ife/Modakeke crisis? 4. Outside the state 1. During childhood age period 2. During adolescent age period 3. During youthful age period 4. During adulthood age period Yes No 5. 6 4. 1 34. 9 21. 5 21. 5 22. 1 52. 3 47. 7 6. 7 8. 7 42. 6 22. 6 15. 9 19. 0 64. 6 35. 4 6. 4 7. 4 38. 7 22. 1 18. 7 2. 5 58. 5 37. 7 5 Did your parents ever tell you the story of Ife/Modakeke conflict? 6 7 If yes, which of Father them told you? Mother Both If both, wh ich of Father them first told Mother you?When did you hear the story from your parent? 1. During childhood age period 2. During adolescent age period 3. During youthful age period 4. During adulthood age period Have you also Yes told/related the No story to your children? If yes, when did you first tell your children? 1. During childhood age period 2. During adolescent age period 3. During youthful age period 4. During adulthood age period 14. 9 15. 9 21. 5 15. 4 6. 2 14. 4 6. 7 43. 6 31. 8 11. 8 14. 6 11. 3 32. 6 23. 6 9. 0 8 26. 2 16. 4 5. 1 2. 6 44. 6 55. 4 32. 8 20. 0 10. 8 3. 1 49. 7 50. 3 29. 5 18. 2 7. 9 2. 8 47. 2 52. 6 9 10 26. 2 10. 8 5. 6 1. 5 31. 3 13. 8 4. 1 1. 0 28. 7 12. 3 4. 9 1. 3 Field survey, 2006 22 7. Test of hypothesis The null hypothesis tested is that there is no significant relationship between perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Tables 7 – 9 sh ows the definition of variables used to measure perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Table 7: Measure of perception of the conflict S/N 1 2 3 4 Perception of the conflict If ever heard of any conflict between the two communities Number of crisis aware of If think that the conflict is resolved If still expect crisis again between the two communities How measured 1 if yes, 0 otherwise Total in numbers 1 if No, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwiseTable 8: How social interaction indicators are measured Social interaction indicators How measured If people in this community marry from 1 if yes, 0 otherwise Ife/Modakeke community The way women from Ife/Modakeke that are married to the people of this 1 if they are seen as kinsmen, 0 otherwise community are seen If you encourage your children to marry 1 if yes, 0 otherwise from Ife/Modakeke community If you encourage your relations to 1 if yes, 0 otherwise marry from Ife/Modakeke community If you as a person marry Ife/Modakeke 1 if yes, 0 otherwise person The way children of the women from Ife/Modakeke that are married to the 1 if they are seen as kinsmen, 0 otherwise people of this community are seen 23 Table 9: Measure of attitude towards violence/conflict/use of weapons S/N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Attitude towards violence/conflict/use of weapons If opposed to the idea of people carrying weapons If would encourage others to carry weapons and fight If think that violence is the best way of expressing dissatisfaction If think that violent fighting between the two community is necessary If making financial contribution to the community If the respondent encouraged their children to make financial contribution to the community If the respondent encouraged their spouse to make financial ontribution to the community If the respondent encouraged their relative to make financial contribution to the community If t he respondent encouraged women to make financial contribution to the community If attend community meetings If respondent encouraged their spouse to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged their children to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged their female children to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged other women to attend community meetings How measured 1 if No, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwiseThe result of the correlation analysis between perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons is shown in Table 10. From the Table, the result of the correlation analysis shows a negative relation ship between perception of the conflict and social interaction. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the less is social interaction with the people of the other community. The result also shows a positive relationship between perception of the conflict and attitude towards 24 violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the more their attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons.Furthermore, the result shows a negative relationship between social interaction and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the more there is social interaction among the people of the two communities, the less is the attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Table 10: Result of the correlation analysis between perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons Community Variable Perception Social Attitude towards of the interaction violence/conflicts/use conflict of weapons ‘r’ ‘r’ ‘r’ Ife (Pearson Perception of the 1. 00 correlation) conflict (n = 195) Social interaction -. 068 1. 00 Attitude towards . 128 -. 006 1. 0 violence/conflicts/use of weapons Modakeke Perception of the 1. 00 (Pearson conflict correlation) Social interaction -. 118 1. 00 (n = 195) Attitude towards . 198** -. 211** 1. 00 violence/conflicts/use of weapons Ife/Modakeke Perception of the 1. 00 (Pearson conflict correlation) Social interaction -. 107* 1. 00 (n = 390) Attitude towards . 152** -. 082 1. 00 violence/conflicts/use of weapons 25 Ife/Modakeke (Spearman Rank correlation) (n = 390) Perception of the conflict Social interaction Attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons 1. 00 -. 133** . 172** 1. 00 -. 091 1. 00 *Significant at p lt; . 05 **Significant at p lt; . 01 8. Summary, policy implication and conclusion The paper present a preliminary report of an emp irical study carried out in 2006 on urban ethno-communal conflict in Nigeria: the case of Ife-Modakeke. Among the issues examined are the perception of the conflict, how past violence conflict is recollected, and attitude of people towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons, social interaction among the people of the two communities. Also examined is the relationship between perception of the conflict; social interaction; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. The result of the correlation analysis shows a negative relationship between perception of the conflict and social interaction. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the less is social interaction with the people of the other community.The result also shows a positive relationship between perception of the conflict and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the more their attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Furthermore, the result shows a negative relationship between social interaction and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the 26 more there is social interaction among the people of the two communities, the less is the attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This result suggests that policies that encourage social integration could enhance the attainment of sustainable peace among the people of the two communities.Towards this end, there is the need for the promotion of the following policies in the study area: (i) promotion of psycho-social work which aims at both psycho-social healing and psychological transformation towards peaceful co-existence in the two communities; (ii) promotion of peace education in school and the society that target both female and male of all age groups; (iii) promotion of non-violence means in the settling of land dispute issues; (iv) promotion of reconciliation of the Ifes and the Modakekes and trust building in the two communities; and, (v) encouragement of inter-marriage and cultural reintegration of the two communities.